APUSH Pre civil war through reconstruction test

What was Senator Douglas (IL) plan in the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

To build a railroad and promote western settlements. This would build a transcontinental railroad through the central US with a major terminus in Chicago.

What did Douglas want to divide Nebraska into?

Kansas and Nebraska

What would dividing Kansas into 2 allow?

• Allow settlers in each state to decide whether to allow slavery in territories located above the 36×50 line

• Surrender to slave power

• Passed by both houses in 1864

• Leads to the formation of the Republican Party

What conflicts would happen because of the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

Conflicts between anti- and pro slavery forces exploded Kansas and Senate floor

Who are border ruffians?

Pro slavery from Missouri moved into Kansas to sway the vote on slavery.

What did the New England Immigrant Aid Co. send over? KS NE ACT

Anti-slavery settlers and supplies to Kansas to promote free-state support.

What do pro-slavery forces do? KS-NE ACT

Pro slavery forces attack and kill 4 people

How do anti-slavery forces retaliate @Pottawatomie Creek?

(KS-NE ACT)

John Brown (radical abolitionist) killed 5

Used as propaganda

Fuels sectionalist tensions

Increase divide between North and South

What is the Lecompton Constitution?

A proslavery constitution for Kansas was submitted by the Southern Legislature at LeCompton

What did Buchanan do in the Lecompton Constitution?

He knows it doesn’t have support or majority but asks but asks Congress to admit it as a slave state, which challenges democracy.

What is the importance of the LeCompton Constitution?

More democrats join the Republican party

Strengthened the power of a slave power conspiracy

Political blunder

When did the Dred Scott desicision happen?

After Buchannan’s innauguration

What was Scotts point in the Dred Scott decision?

Scott (slave) held in slavery in Missouri then taken to be freed in Wisconsin for 2 years, then returned to Missouri → sued for freedom in 1846 → argued that residence on free soil freed him.

What did the Supreme Court rule?

NO right to sue in federal court because Founding Fathers did not intend for African Americans to be citizens.

Who is the Southern Democrat Cheif Justice?

Roger Toney

How does Dred Scott violate the Fifth Amendment?

Congress didn’t have any power to deprive any person of property without due process of law, which mean slaves were property

How did Dred Scott prove the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional?

Because it excluded slavery from Northern territories

What does SCOTUS rule from Dred Scott?

Ruled that all Western territories are open to slavery

Republicans called this the “greatest crime in the annals of the republic.”

What does slavery follows the flag mean?

Slavery can be anywhere in the US

What does Dred Scott undo?

Missouri Compromise, NW Land Ordinance, Compromise of 1850, etc.

What is slave power conspiracy?

The belief that a powerful group of slaveholders was manipulating the U.S. government to protect and expand slavery.

What is polular soverignty?

The principle that the settlers of a territory have the right to decide whether to allow slavery within that territory.

What did Northerners believe Dred Scott was a ploy to?

Ploy of the new democratic government, increased Northern suspicions of slave power conspiracy, and induced thousands of former democrats to vote republican.

What did Northerners believe they were left with?

Left with supporting popular sovereignty without repudiating with Senator Douglas

What did Northerners suspect with Dred Scott?

Northerners suspected the Democratic majority and President Bucannan had been secretly planning this.

What is the Raid at Harper’s Ferry?

The 1859 attempt led by John Brown to initiate an armed slave revolt by capturing the United States arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia.

Brown's raid aimed to spark a rebellion, but ultimately failed, leading to his capture and execution.

What is the Raid at Harper’s Ferry?

In October 1859 there is a slave uprising in VA, Brown leads a small band of followers to seize the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry and use the guns to arm VA slaves.

What did John Brown want in the Raid at Harper’s Ferry?

Instigate a large scale slave rebellion

What happened to Brown after raid at Harper’s Ferry?

Robert E. Lee’s troops capture Brown and his followers after 2 days seize.

Brown and 6 of his followers are tried, convicted, and hanged by the state of VA.

Whites saw Harper’s Ferry as what?

Whites saw this as final proof of attempts to use slave revolts to destroy the South.

What did Northerners belive about raid at Harper’s Ferry?

Brwon spoke with such eloquence of humanitarian motives in wanting to free slaves at trial that Northerners saw them as a martyr.

What did the South beleive from the Raid at Harper’s Ferry?

The South says this is the North’s plan for everyone

What increases from the Raid at Harper’s Ferry?

Sectionalism loyalty increases

What is Douglas known for being called?

Champion of popular sovereignty and Little Giant

Douglas is up for reelection… who wants his senator seat?

Lincoln

How does Lincoln campaign against Douglas?

He attacks Douglas for not seeing slavery as a moral issue

What is Lincoln’s side in the Lincoln Douglas debates?

He is a house divided against itself, saying it cannot stand, the US cannot persist as half slave and half free.

What is popular sovereignty?

The principle that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives, particularly in deciding the issue of slavery in territories.

What is FreePort, Illinois? (Lincoln-Douglas debates)

The location of the Lincoln-Douglas debates. Lincoln challenges Douglas to reconcile popular sovereignty with the Dred-Scott decision.

What is the Freeport Doctrine? (Lincoln-Douglas debates)

Douglas tries to show how he could support both the Dred Scott decision AND popular sovereignty during speeches

• Douglas responds that slavery could not exist in a community if local citizens didn’t pass laws (slave codes) maintaining it.

• Angered democrats because he couldn’t go far enough in supporting the implications of the DredScott decision

Who won the Lincoln-Douglas debates?

Douglas won, but aligned Southern democrats from his party

Who emerges as a national figure in the Lincoln-Douglas debates?

Lincoln

What speech gave Lincoln fame before presidency ?

House divided speech

Was Lincoln an abolitionist?

No, but sees slavery as a moral issue. Just against expansion

Where does democratic party hold national nominating convention? (Election of 1860)

Charleston, SC

Who was the leading democratic canidate in election of 1860?

Stephen Douglas

What platform is Douglas nominated on?

Popular sovreignty and the fugitive slave law

Southern democrats do not like that Douglas is nominated so who do they nominate?

Vice President, Breckenridge (KY)

What platform did Breckenridge run on?

Extension of slavery and annexation of slave law

Where did the republican nominating convention take place? (election of 1860)

Chicago, IL

What platform did republicans draft? (election of 1860)

Appealed to economic self interest of Northerners and Westerners, exclusion of territories, protective tariff for industry, freeland for homesteaders, and internal improvements to promote Western Settlement

Who was voted the republican candidate, Lincoln or Steward?

Lincoln

What was the South’s response to Lincoln being the republican nominee?

Southerners said they would leave the Union if Lincoln was elected

Who made up the Constitutional Union party?

Whigs, Know Nothings, and Moderate Democrats

Who did the Constitutional Union Party nominate for President?

John Bell (TN)

What was John Bell’s platform?

He pledged enforcement of laws and preserving the Union

What are radical southerners called?

Fire-eaters

What does Lincoln think about secession?

He will not allow it.

He will never acknowledge secession and will just say the South was in rebellion

What state is the only state to seceed in 1860?

South Carolina

What are the four major causes of the Civil War?

1. Constitutional Disputes- Federal Power vs. States’ Rights

2. Economic Differences- Industrial North vs. Agricultural South (tariffs, internal improvements, banking)

3. Political Blunders vs. Extremism, Cultural Differences- Slavery and Social Values

4. Slavery- growing morale issue in the North vs. its defense and expansion in the South

Who was the Free Soil Party?

Northerners against the expansion of slavery into newly gained western territories

What did the Free Soil party want?

Free Soil - land grants from federal government (free homesteads)

Free Labor - Do not want to compete with slaves OR freedmen

Free Men- Freedmen for jobs

What is the main point of the Free Soil party?

Do not want to compete economically

What is the Know Nothing Party

Ethnic tensions between Native Protestants and immigrant Germans

The party is based on native hostility

How does the Know Nothing party respond to political questions?

“I know nothing”

What political party does the Know Nothing draw support from?

The Whigs

What is the Know Nothing Party’s core issue?

Opposition to Catholics and immigrants who were entering Northern cities in large numbers

When did the Know Nothing party lose interest?

When sectional issues because the biggest problem.

What is the Writ of Habeas Corpus?

A legal order requiring a person to be brought before a judge to determine if their detention is lawful.

West Virginia (Border States)

People of WV stayed loyal to the Union and became a seperate state in 1863.

Maryland (Border states)

Pro secessionists attacked Union troops and threatened Washington → Union army resorted to martial law to keep the state under federal control and maintain order.

Missouri (Border States)

The presence of US troops prevented pro-Southern elements from gaining control.

Kentucky (Border States)

State legislature voted to remain neutral → Lincoln respects neutrality but waits for the South to violate it before moving in federal troops.

Deleware (Border states)

Union sympathies led to limited Southern influence, and it remained a slave state.

Why was it important for Lincoln to keep the Border states in the Union?

The primary and political goals of Lincoln.

Loss of states would have increased the Confederate population to more than 50% and weakened the North’s strategic position.

Lincoln rejects the claims for the emancipation proclamation of slaves to avoid alienating Unionists in border states.

How does Lee want to take the offensive at Emancipation Proclamation/ Battle of Antietam

He wants to capture a major Northern city and wants to gain European support.

How does General McClellan know Lee is going to take the offensive? (Emancipation Proclamation/ Battle of Antietam)

A confederate dropped the plan.

Why is Lincoln furious (Emancipation Proclamation/ Battle of Antietam)

Lee is forced to retreat and McClellan does not support

Lincoln says “bad case of the slaves”

Who does Lincoln replace McClellan with?

General Burnside

Does Lee gain European support?

No because he lost

What happens on January 1, 1863

Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation

What is the Emancipation Proclamation?

“I will free every slave in the rebelling states of the Union”

(means when the war ends slaves are free) → free slaves in the confederacy → enlarges the purpose of war

When the emancipation proclamtion was issued what percent of slaves were freed?

1% of slaves were freed at that time

What was the North’s 2 main goals in order (Emancipation Proclamation/ Battle of Antietam)

1. Preserve the Union

2. Free the slaves

Why can’t Great Britain help the Confederacy now?

It means they agree to protect slavery and their working class would not approve which keeps Great Britain out of the war

Who refused to release any states they had received?

The Union

What general is in charge of the Confiscation Acts?

General Butler

Contrabands (confiscation acts)

Any property taken

What were the confiscation acts?

The Union can take any property in the war and could free the slaves of any person in active rebellion against the Union.

What would allow the Union to seize Confederate property and free the slaves?

The Confiscation Acts and the thirteenth ammendment

What is the Thirteenth Ammendment

“Neither slavery nor indentured servitude, except as punishment for crime, shall exist in the United States or anywhere under its jurisdiction”

(abolished slavery)

When was the Thirteenth Amendment proposed / ratified?

Proposed January 1864/ ratified December 1865

What is the Fourteenth Amendment?

1. Declared all persons born or naturalized in the US as citizens.

2. Obligated all states to respect the rights of US citizens and provide them with “equal protection of law” and “due process of law”

What role did the Fourteenth Amendment play after the Civil War?

1. Disqualified former Confederate leaders from holding either state or federal offices.

2. Repudiated the debts of the defeated government of the Confederacy

3. Penalized a state if they kept any eligible person from voting by reducing that state’s proportional representation in the House of Representatives and the Electoral College

What is the Fifteenth Amendment?

Prohibited a state from “denying or abridging” a citizens right to vote on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

What is the Fifteenth Amendment basically?

Universal MALE suffrage

What are strengths for the Union?

• Have finalicial system

• Clerical system (tax collection etc.)

• Established government

• Navy

• 22 million people (800k immigrants)

• 180k freedmen

• 85% of railroads

• 70% of all factories

• 65% of all farmland

• Preservation

What was the freedmen’s role in the war?

Carry supplies, dig ditches, cook, clean)

What are the weaknesses of the Union?

• Inexperienced military leadership

• Longer supply lines

• Offensive war

• Unfamiliar terrain

• Slavery? (free the slaves or preserve the Union)

Strengths of the Confederacy

• Only have to fight a defensive war

• Shorter supply lines

• Better military leadership (Lee is the best)

• Difficult to blockade (sandbars etc.)

• Great Britains sends ships/goods

• Southern morale is high (fighting for their way of life)