Modern Mexico Final Study Guide

1) 1934 to 1940: D) Lázaro Cárdenas

2) 1940 to 1946: E) Manuel Avila Camacho

3) 1946 to 1952: A) Miguel Alemán

4) 1952 to 1958: J) Adolfo Ruiz Cortines

5) 1958 to 1964: H) Adolfo Lopez Mateos

6) 1964 to 1970: I) Gustavo Diaz Ordaz

7) 1970 to 1976: B) Luis Echeverria

8) 1976 to 1982: G) Jose Lopez Portillo

9) 1982 to 1988: F) Miguel de la Madrid

10) 1988 to 1994: C) Carlos Salinas de Gortari

Match the presidential terms with the president.

1) 1934 to 1940 A) Miguel Alemán

2) 1940 to 1946 B) Luis Echeverria

3) 1946 to 1952 C) Carlos Salinas de Gortari

4) 1952 to 1958 D) Lázaro Cárdenas

5) 1958 to 1964 E) Manuel Avila Camacho

6) 1964 to 1970 F) Miguel de la Madrid

7) 1970 to 1976 G) Jose Lopez Portillo

8) 1976 to 1982 H) Adolfo Lopez Mateos

9) 1982 to 1988 I) Gustavo Diaz Ordaz

10) 1988 to 1994 J) Adolfo Ruiz Cortines

Lázaro Cárdenas

This guy was a general in the Revolution, the governor of Michoacán. He was Anti-Maximato, created military changes, and ousted Calles supporters, and exiled Calles. He also created judiciary term limits, and distributed the most land post revolution.

1) 1934 to 1940: D) Lázaro Cárdenas

2) 1940 to 1946: E) Manuel Avila Camacho

3) 1946 to 1952: A) Miguel Alemán

4) 1952 to 1958: J) Adolfo Ruiz Cortines

5) 1958 to 1964: H) Adolfo Lopez Mateos

6) 1964 to 1970: I) Gustavo Diaz Ordaz

7) 1970 to 1976: B) Luis Echeverria

8) 1976 to 1982: G) Jose Lopez Portillo

9) 1982 to 1988: F) Miguel de la Madrid

10) 1988 to 1994: C) Carlos Salinas de Gortari

Match the presidential terms with the president.

1) 1934 to 1940 A) Miguel Alemán

2) 1940 to 1946 B) Luis Echeverria

3) 1946 to 1952 C) Carlos Salinas de Gortari

4) 1952 to 1958 D) Lázaro Cárdenas

5) 1958 to 1964 E) Manuel Avila Camacho

6) 1964 to 1970 F) Miguel de la Madrid

7) 1970 to 1976 G) Jose Lopez Portillo

8) 1976 to 1982 H) Adolfo Lopez Mateos

9) 1982 to 1988 I) Gustavo Diaz Ordaz

10) 1988 to 1994 J) Adolfo Ruiz Cortines

Lázaro Cárdenas

This guy was a general in the Revolution, the governor of Michoacán. He was Anti-Maximato, created military changes, and ousted Calles supporters, and exiled Calles. He also created judiciary term limits, and distributed the most land post revolution.

• Education Expansions

• Land Distribution (National Campesino Confederation, ejidos -land collectives-, and an agrarian bank, and the creation of the Department of Forests, Game, & Fisheries.)

• Nationalized Railroads

• Created the Confederation of Mexican Workers and established minimum wage

What were some reforms under Lázaro Cárdenas?

March 18, 1938

When did Lázaro Cárdenas sign an order that seized the assets of nearly all of the foreign oil companies operating in Mexico and caused Mexican oil exports to decrease by 50%?

PEMEX (Petroleos Mexicanos)

What was the state-owned firm that held a monopoly over the Mexican oil industry, and barred all foreign oil companies from operating in Mexico?

Manuel Avila Camacho

This man was elected during the "Bloody Elections" of 1940, which saw clashes between supporters of him and Juan Andreu Almazán, resulting in violence, casualties, and accusations of fraud.

Changes in land distribution, education, Church/State relations, Social Security, Industrialization where he created Nacional Financiera (government bank for industry)

What were some reforms under Manuel Avila Camacho presidency?

PRI (Partido Revolucionario Institucional)

This party was originally called Partido Nacional Revolucionario in 1928, then it was called Partido Revolucionario Mexicano in 1938, before it got its final name in 1946. What’s the party?

PAN (Partido Accion Nacional) National Action Party

This party was established in 1939 by Manuel Gomez Morin and in 1945 it saw electoral reforms

Miguel Alemán

This man was Secretary of the Interior from 1940-1945. His presidency saw a lot of corruption.

There were quite a bit of public works projects, like infrastructure, electrification, schools and University City. There was an expansion of agriculture. His buddies were appointed to prominent positions in his cabinet.

How did Miguel Alemán’s presidency go?

Adolfo Ruiz Cortines

This boring dude addressed corruption after Aleman, didn’t do much about it though, and published list of assets, as well as expanded Social Security.

32 million

The population went from 6 million in 1934, to what in 1958?

September 1937

On this date congress voted in favor of women’s suffrage, it was not enacted though, so no suffrage.

October 1953

On this date the constitution was amended to grant women the right to vote and hold office

Adolfo Lopez Mateos

This man nationalized the electricity industry as well as created the National Commission for free textbooks

Salvador Nava, David A. Siqueiros, Ruben Jaramillo

During a time of labor crackdowns and social dissolution, these were some men that were arrested by the PRI…

Gustavo Diaz Ordaz

Under his presidency Mexico saw an expansion of the middle class, education, nuclear disarmament, as well as the establishment of Los Granaderos (riot police)

The Olympics from October 12 to the 27 in 1968

This event made Mexico the first developing nation to host as well as the first nation in Latin America too. Despite the countries economic state, they constructed athletic facilities, hotels, tourist accommodations, and a subway

To demand greater political freedoms and end the authoritarianism of the PRI regime.

What were the main objectives of the 1968 student movement in Mexico?

According to government 40+/-. However, actual figures likely in the hundreds

How many people died during the Tlatelolco massacre, October 2, 1968

“Serve and save the country”

In the aftermath of the 1968 massacre, what did Diaz Ordaz say when he took responsibility?

Reis Lopez Tijerina

This man is a Chicano civil rights activist and a leader in the Chicano land-grant movement in northern New Mexico during the 1960s and 70s

• Civil Rights

• Land

• Politics, ie the La Raza Unida Party

• Education Reform

• Anti-war movement

What were some of the causes of the Chicano movement?

Luis Echeverria

This man greatly admired Lazaro Cardenas, studied abroad, and was the Minister of the Interior in Diaz Ordaz administration, and is known for being a faux populist that lowered the voting age to 18.

Corpus Christi Massacre, June 10, 1971

This massacre happened at National Polytechnic Institute and saw 5,000-10,000 demonstrators with Los Halcones (paramilitary unit) responding, casualties unknown.

Lucio Cabañas

This man was kidnapped by guerrilla groups?

$22

During an economic crisis the buying power of average income decline 50%, and the value of the peso went from $12.50 to what per dollar?

$19.6 billion

During Echeverría’s six-year term, foreign debt reached what?

July 8, 1976

A group of journalists, columnists, cartoonists, intellectuals and workers of the newspaper Excélsior in Mexico were violently expelled from the newspaper due to their critical and independent line under Echeverria’s term on what date?

Jose Lopez Portillo

This man was originally appointed as Minister of the Treasury under Echeverría before being elected in 1976 where there was no PAN candidate.

Jesus Reyes Heroles

This man was made Minister of the Interior under Jose Lopez Portillo?

3 Stages: stabilize, strengthen, and grow

Economic reforms under Jose Lopez Portillo?

June 1981

PEMEX begins offshore drilling when? Before it led to Mexico’s economy becoming insolvent in 1982?

Miguel de la Madrid

This man was originally Minister of budget and planning under López Portillo, and ran on a platform of “moral renovation” before becoming president.

• Cuts to social and public services

• Reduction in investments

• Rampant inflation

• Vast unemployment and

  underemployment

• Significant immigration to the United States

The economic crisis under Madrid led to what?

September 19, 1985

When did this 8.0 magnitude earthquake that caused 5,000-10,000 deaths and $4 billion in property damage happen?

Carlos Salinas de Gortari

This man was the Minister of Planning and Budget in De la Madrid administration. His election as president was most likely fraudulent, and Rodriguez really hates him.

Manuel Clouthier, PAN and Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, PRD

Who were the two men that ran against Carlos Salinas de Gortari in what is considered to be a rigged election (1988)?

Ejido members were allowed to rent, sell, or mortgage their lands, he established Solidaridad (National Solidarity Program), and he privatized industries, and restructured the foreign debt

What reforms happened under Carlos Salinas de Gortari?

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

This was established January 01, 1994, and saw the elimination of tariffs, as well as labor and environmental regulations

Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (EZLN) Zapatista National Liberation Army

This group emerged in the early 1980s and challenged NAFTA, while fighting against wealth disparities in Chiapas (land), and fighting for Indigenous people’s rights and education and agrarian reform. They created the San Andrés Accords.

Luis Colosio

This guy was a charismatic PRI presidential candidate who was assassinated in 1994.

José Francisco Ruiz Massieu

This guy was the governor of Guerrero from 1987 to 1993. He then served as the general secretary of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) in 1994 before he too was assassinated.

Ernesto Zedillo

After Colosio’s assassination, this guy was elected in 1994 before Mexico saw another economic collapse.

2000

Which election saw the end of PRI rule with Fox victory?

January 1st, 1994

The Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) revolt in Chiapas happened when?

Guerrero

Which state did the Mexican government commit human rights violations?

True

True or False? Echeverria orchestrated a coupe against a newspaper for criticizing him

Presente

Which publication had their office destroyed by Miguel Aleman?

Shared development

What was Echeverria’s economic system on wealth distribution called?

Ruben Salazar

Which important journalist was killed during the Chicano movement?

El Chamizal

What was the name of the land along Mexico regained in the 1960s?

1) Legalize leftist parties

2) Opening congressional seats to minority parties

What were the objectives LFOPPE established under Portillo?

To ransom them to fund their social welfare projects.

Why were Guerilla groups kidnapping people during Echeverria’s administration?