PNB 3255: Human Neuroanatomy Lecture Review

These flashcards cover essential concepts in human neuroanatomy based on the lecture transcript provided.

What induces the overlying ectoderm to develop into the neural plate?

notochord

What does the neural tube derive?

The Central Nervous System (CNS).

What do the neural crests derive?

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) and other cells.

What is the term for the process of neural tube formation?

Neurulation.

What are the three germ layers in embryonic development?

Endoderm, Mesoderm, and Ectoderm.

What structure forms the embryonic central axis?

The notochord.

At what stage does the embryo have five vesicles in brain development?

Fifth week

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

What type of neurons conduct signals to and from the brain?

Motor neurons and sensory neurons.

What are the two main parts of the Autonomic Nervous System?

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic divisions.

What does the sympathetic division control in the body?

'Fight or flight' responses.

What does the parasympathetic division control?

'Rest and digest' functions.

Where do preganglionic neurons originate in the sympathetic division?

T1 to L2 of the spinal cord.

What type of neuron sends nerve impulses to skeletal muscle?

Somatic motor neuron.

What is the role of oligodendrocytes in the CNS?

They make myelin and myelinate multiple axons.

What does demyelination affect in the nervous system?

It disrupts nerve signals.

What structure is formed during the 22nd intrauterine day of development?

The neural tube.

What condition is caused by failure of the neural folds to fuse at the rostral part?

Anencephaly.

What imaging technique is considered the choice in acute situations for diagnosing brain issues?

CT scan.

What does MRI stand for?

Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Which cells are responsible for producing CSF?

Ependymal cells.

What type of imaging technique offers superior soft-tissue contrast?

MRI.

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

Involuntary responses.

What is the primary function of Schwann cells?

They produce myelin in the PNS.

What is the embryonic forebrain called?

Prosencephalon.

What is the primary structure involved in processing sensory information?

The brain.

Which glial cells are found in the CNS?

Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia.

What do ganglia refer to in the PNS?

Clusters of cell bodies.

Name the layer of the meninges that directly covers the brain.

Pia mater.

What is the structural organization of gray matter?

Cell bodies of neurons and glial cells.

What defines the cervical flexure?

It is a bend in the developing neural tube between the rhombencephalon and the spinal cord.

What is the first stage of neuron development?

Neuronal differentiation.

What are the three primary brain vesicles in embryonic development?

Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon.

What does the enteric nervous system control?

Functions of the digestive system.

What is an action potential?

A signal that travels along the axon of a neuron.

What does the term 'saltatory conduction' refer to?

Action potentials jumping from one Node of Ranvier to another.

What type of neuron receives sensory information from the skin?

Somatic sensory neuron.

What happens at the caudal end of the neural tube?

It forms the spinal cord.

In the context of brain structure, what does 'rostral' mean?

Towards the front.

What is a commissure in the CNS?

A pathway connecting structures on the right and left sides.

What is the primary function of the cerebellum?

Balance and coordination.

Describe the organization of white matter.

It consists of axons connecting different brain structures.

What causes Multiple Sclerosis?

Demyelination disrupting nerve signals.

What is the role of the thalamus?

Relay center for sensory information.

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

Regulates autonomic functions.

What do neurons do?

Transfer signals from one part of the body to another.