OCR A-Level History - Civil Rights in the USA - Women

Position in 1865

What three movements could women be a part of in 1865?

- Abolitionism.

- Prohibition and temperance.

- Religious groups.

Position in 1865

What was the impact of the civil war on women?

- Women were allowed more control over their lives and finances.

- Women had to take on work and so the "domestic ideal" was combatted.

Campaign for political rights 1865 - 1992

When was the American Equal Rights Association founded and what was it?

- 1866.

- Aimed to remove restrictions on racial and gender grounds.

Campaign for political rights 1865 - 1960

What two suffrage organisations were founded in 1869 and by who?

- The National Woman Suffrage Association - Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

- American Woman Suffrage Association - Lucy Stone

Campaign for political rights 1865 - 1960

What is the difference between NWSA and AWSA?

- NWSA fought for national change and excluded men.

- AWSA fought for suffrage in individual states but included men.

Campaign for political rights 1865 - 1960

What effect did the 14th and 15th Amendments have on women's rights?

- The 14th Amendment excluded women from equal rights.

- The 15th Amendment's didn't include the right of voting for women.

Campaign for political rights 1865 - 1992

What states gave the right to vote by 1870?

- Wyoming and Utah.

Campaign for political rights 1865 - 1960

What year was the Women's Crusade, the first mass movement of US women demanding prohibition?

- 1873.

Opposition to feminism

Which set of laws had banned contraception in the USA since 1873?

- The Cornstock Laws.

Campaign for political rights 1865 - 1960

When was the Women's Christian Temperance Union founded and what was it?

- 1874.

- Initially worked to ban alcoholic drinking to protect the family.

- Reached 168,000 members by the 1880s.

Campaign for political rights 1865 - 1992

When did NWSA and AWSA merge, and into what?

- 1890.

- National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA).

Campaign for political rights 1865 - 1960

When was the Populist Party founded and what is it's significance?

- 1891.

- Elizabeth Lease, a popular orator, led protests against big business.

Campaign for political rights 1865 - 1992

When and what was the Miller v. Oregon case?

- 1908.

- Ruled that restrictions to women's' working hours were legal.

Opposition to feminism

When was the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage founded and what was it?

- 1911.

- One of the largest group who saw achievement of political rights as undermining the position of women in the home.

Campaign for political rights 1865 - 1960

Who formed the Congressional Union for Women's Suffrage and when? What suffrage group was it inspired by?

- Formed by Alice Paul.

- 1913.

- The British Suffragettes.

Campaign for political rights 1865 - 1960

How many states gave the right to vote before 1919?

- 15.

Effect of WW1

What impact did WW1 have on women?

- Increased their participation in economic activity.

- States were more receptive to the arguments of NAWSA for suffrage.

Effect of WW1

How many women served in the US Navy as nurses, clerical workers and telephone operators during WW1?

- 11,000.

Campaign for political rights 1865 - 1960

When was the 19th Amendment and what did it achieve?

- 1919.

- Gave all US women the right to vote.

Campaign for political rights 1865 - 1960

What was the Equal Rights Amendment and its impact?

- Attempt to give women complete legal equality, but didn't pass in 1920.

Campaign for political rights 1865 - 1960

What states passed laws regulating female working hours and when?

- In 1900 36% of states had regulations.

- In 1920 75% of states had regulations.

Campaign for political rights 1865 - 1960

When was the first legal birth control clinic established?

- 1923.

Campaign for political rights 1865 - 1960

In 1921, Margaret Sanger founded what?

- The American Birth Control League (ABCL).

New Deal

What impact did the New Deal have on women's opportunities?

- Increased numbers of women working in government.

- Reached 275,000 in 1934.

- Involved over 743,000 women in relief.

New Deal

What were the limitations of the New Deal for women?

- Women were still discriminated against to boost employment for men.

- New Deal legislation didn't attempt to secure equal wages.

Effect of WW2

What effected minority groups during WW2?

- African American women had little opportunity to join the armed forces.

- Japanese women experienced discrimination following Pearl Harbour.

Effect of WW2

What happened following WW2 for women?

- By the end of 1946 2 million women had been fired from industry jobs.

- 800,000 lost their jobs following the end of the war.

- Increase of 5 million women in jobs.

Campaign for political rights 1960 - 1992

When was Betty Friedan's book published, what was it, and what is it's importance?

- 1963.

- The Feminine Mystique.

- Key feminist text expressing a middle-class women's discontent with the post-war period.

Campaign for political rights 1960 - 1992

In which year was the Equal Pay Act Passed?

- 1963.

Campaign for political rights 1960 - 1992

What was Kennedy's study published in 1963?

- Report on American Women.

- Worked on by several highly educated women and revealed statistics of unequal pay, opportunities, and political participation and status.

Campaign for political rights 1960 - 1992

What was the impact of the 1964 Civil Rights Act?

- Outlawed employment discrimination based on many things, including sex.

- As a result of a joking remark of adding sex to stopping employment discrimination by a Southern congress man, Howard Smith.

Campaign for political rights 1960 - 1992

What is the significance Griswold v. Connecticut 1965?

- Final remnants of the Comstock Laws removed.

- Lifted the ban on the sale of birth control pills.

Campaign for political rights 1960 - 1992

Why was the National Organisation for Women (NOW) formed in 1966? Who was a significant founder?

- As a result of the 1964 CRA.

- Due to its outlawing of job discrimination based on sex.

- Betty Friedan.

Campaign for political rights 1960 - 1992

What was the main focus for women's organisations from 1970?

- Passing the ERA.

Opposition to feminism

In 1972, who was successful in stopping the passing of ERA with her 'STOP ERA' campaign?

- Phyllis Schaftly.

Campaign for political rights 1960 - 1992

By 1972, what was now available to all women over the age 18?

- The contraceptive pill.

Opposition to feminism

When and what was the Roe v. Wade case?

- 1973.

- Ruling that women had the right to get safe and legal abortions.

Campaign for political rights 1960 - 1992

Which 1974 Act banned discrimination in access to bank loans, mortgages and credit cards?

- The Equal Credit Opportunity Act.

Campaign for political rights 1960 - 1992

In 1977, what was published by Phyllis Schaftly which reinforced ideas of women in separate spheres to men?

- The Power of Positive Women

Campaign for political rights 1960 - 1992

In 1990, which President vetoed a bill providing paid parental leave?

- President Bush.