APUSH Period 6 Vocab Flashcards

Transcontinental Railroads

Railroads connecting major cities across large parts of the country. There were 5 routes built in this time. 1st, route finished on may 10, 1869 at promontory point with the golden spike, then the southern pacific connected New Orleans to LA, the Atitshon/Topeka/Santa Fe connected Kansas City and LA, the northern pacific connected duluth and seattle, and finally the great northern connected st pault to seattle which was finished in 1893.

Great American Desert

the land between the mississippi river and the pacific coast (west of the 100th meridan) that were the last to be settled (in the 60s) because of little amount of trees, little rainfall, and varying weather (cold winters and hot summers). It includes the great plains, rocky mountains, and western plateau.

Barbed Wire

Used for fences built in the western frontier by homesteaders contributing to the end of the cattle ranching buisness in the late 1880s. Intended to help farmers in the great plains fence in their property and crops beacuse there was no lumber to do so.

Homestead Act of 1862

Act created during the civil war giving 160 acres of public land in the great plains to any family for free who settled that land and farmed it for at least five years.

National Granger Movement

movement started by Oliver H Kelly in 1868 for socail and ecucation purposes for farmers and their fmailies but grew in infleucen across the midwest and became active in economics and politics to advocate for farmers rights.

Granger Laws

Laws that rose frpm the national granger movement tp reguilate railraod and grain elevator prices to protect farmers.

Munn vs Illinoise (1877)

Supreme court case in 1877 that upheld the rights of states to regulate buisness of a public nature including railroads

Fredrick Jackson Turner

Historian and author of Significance of the Frontier in American History who believed the forntier was a necesary part of the evolution of people but they took up natural recources

Significance of the Frontier in American History

An essary wirtten by Fredrick Jackson turner in 1893 that was provocative and influential saying the settlment of the forntier was a necessary part of human evolutionary process and it shaped american culture and promoted individualism, indepdence, and democracy.

Gohst Dance Movement

religous last ditch effort by natives to resist us government oppression but ended up being retailiated by the us government cuaisng them to kill sittinng bull and later 200 other natives.

Helent Hunt Jackson

author who was sympathetic towards natives but ultimatly wanted them to asimiliate to american culture to get citizenship and end their unfair treatment

Dawes Act of 1887

Redistributed native land so that it divided tribes apart and onto smaller parcels of land promising citizenship if they stayed on that plot of land for 25 years and assimiliated.

Indian Reorganization Act

1934 act part of Franklins new deal and it re-established tribal ogrnizations and culture

Santa Fe Trail

1000 mile land path connecting Santa Fe and western missouri creating eocnomic propsertity and settlment in the southwest. It existed from 1821 to 1880 when the transocntinentail railroads were being finished.

John Muir

founder of the Sierra club who was a preservationist wanting to presever natural lands from human intervention

Sierra Club

1892 group of preservatonist helped founded by John Muir and they helped make national holidays, plant trees, and increase public education and awnareness of the enviornment.

Little big Horn

in 1876 where the Sioux ambushed white army led by Custer before they were soon defeated by Custers army.

New South

southern view of post reconstruction south as changed and improved to have a self sufficent econemy, capitalist views, industrial growth, transportation, adn better race relations.

George Washington Carver

African American scientist at Tuskegee Institue in alabama who promoted southern agriculture of peanuts and soybeans and othercrops to diversify the yeild.

Tuskegee Institute

Institute in Alabama where Geogre Washinton Carver studided and promoted southern agricultureal diveristy of crops.

Civil Rights Cases of 1883

Supreme Court said congress cant ban private citizens and buisnesses from racial discrimination including railraods and hotels.

Plessy vs Furgeson

Supreme court case where tehy ruled taht segregation is seperate and equal, upholding louisiana law as constitutional

Jim Crow laws

Segregation laws in the south starting in the 1870s requiring almost all public places to be segregated.

Literacy tests

a test given to black voters to try to stop them from voting by them needing to be able to read and write

poll tax

taxing black voters when they vote to decrease black voter turnout in the south

grandfather clause

southern voting requirment requiring men to have had a grandfather be able to or that did vote before reconstruction in order to have the right to vote (thus only allowing white men to vote).

Ida B Wells

author and editor of memphis free speech who campaigned against jim crow laws and lynchings in the south

Booker T washington

black advocate who started a school in Tuskegee alabama and promoted that black peole should work hard instead of fighting segregation and should instead allow segregation to happen and sorta mak ethe most of it. He also supported the Atlanta Compromise.

Atlanta Compromise

beliefe taht both black and white people had a responability to make the south prosper post reconstrucion and proposed in a speech by booker t washington

W.E.B. Du Bois

younger black advocate who disagreed with Booker T washington and demanded and end to segregation and increased civil rights for black people

Transatlantic Cable

invented in 1866 by Cyrus W Feild and it can send messages across the ocean in minutes linking all of the continents in a global communication network. This will eventually create the rise of international markets and prices for basic gods benefitial to large international corporations over small local farmers and businesses.

Alexander Graham Bell

Inventor who created the telephone in 1876

Henry Bessemer

English inventor who discovered how to make high quality steel with iron and high air pressure.

Thomas Eddison

most renowned inventor of the 1800s known most for inventing the lightbulb in 1879 but also for opening the first invention lab where he worked with a team of other scientists and inventors to create a new invention almost biweekly, a precedent set that would become wildly adopted in the scientific fields.

George Westinghouse

inventor who produced high voltage alternative current and with general electric eventuallly came to dominate the industry by being able to power cities. This is invention eventually replaces Thomas eddison’'s direct current technology for lights and electricity.

Mail-Order Companies

Companies that are department store ish and give customers a catalogue to order out of then shipping the products to the costomer. This first became possible and prevelant in this time due too the large scale production and mass consumer culture. Most popular example is Sears.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

used his money from his steamboat company to create the first trunk line, the New York central railroad in 1867. starting atrend of consolidation railroads to be the same with rtunk lines across the country.

Jay Gould

enterd railroad business to make fast money and made millions by selling assets and watering down stock by inflating the value of the assets right before selling which was advantageous to him but hurts the public and hurt the railroad business as a whole

J. Pierpoint Morgan

Wealthy and powerful baker who helped take over railroads during 1893 crissi causing bankcrucpy in railroad business/ HE then consolidated the railroads to help stabilize [prices and reduce debts through creating regional railroad monopolies.

Andrew Carnegie

poor scotish immigrant who worked in railraod buisness and then the steel industry where he used salseman ship, new technology, and verticle integration in his buisness Carnegie Steel Corporation which was extremly sucsessful in producting steel. HE sold the company for $400 mill in 1900 which was combined with another into United States Steel. He also wrote The gospel of wealth and was well respected and honored and seen as a symbol of hard work and the American Dream.

Vertical Integration

a strategy for companies to be more sucsessful by producting more and being more cost effective by controlling every part of the indiustrial process including mining, transportation, factorys, mills, wharehouses, ect.

United States Steel

Corporation created in 1900 by Morgan by combining Carnegies steel company and others to create tehe first billion dollar company and the wolrds largest enterprise at the time. They conrtolled 3/5 of the US steel buisness.

John D. Rockefeller

HE founded standard oil in 1863 and it became teh leading oil company cpontroling 90% of the makret by 1881. HE utalized efficent management practices, new technology, and a monopoly to control prices. He had a fortune of $900 million at his death.

Standard Oil

Company that controlled 90% of the oil market by 1881 and was created by Rockefeller in 1863.

Horizontal integration

a strategy when one company takes over all its competetors in a specific industry for example the oil industry and how they combined or were bought by one company.

Holding company

a company created to own and control diverse companiies in different industries. EX banker morgan has a holding company that also controolled rail transport and steel and banking companies.

laissez-fair

economic policy and belief that was widespread in the late 1900s menaing limited government control and regulation of markets.

social dwarfism

belife in conecentrating wealth among a few wealthy people to benefit eveyrone in the long run and survival of the fittest in the market.

survival of the fittest

using evolution to explain why the markets should be free and deregulted and why only some should make it wealthy and ect. saying that it is bad to help the poor because that is helping the ¨unfit¨ and theirfor is against evolution, it was used to justfy racism ¨scientifically¨

Protestant work ethic

idea that material sucsess was a sign of gods favor and reward for hard work which john d rockefeller agreed with

collective barganing

ability of workers to negociate as a group with employers their wages and working conditions

railraod strike of 1877

national strike started on balitimore-ohio railroad ending when the presidnet used federal tropps to end the strike. some workers got improved wages an dconditions as a result while others got harsher conditions and harder time organizing as a result

national labor union

first national union aimed for all workers with the goal of an 8 hr day (achieved for government workers), increased wages, and equal rights for women and african americans. started in 1866 but decreased in popularity in 1873 with the depression and after the failure of the strikes of 1877.

knights of labor

2nd national union aimed at all workers started in 1869 but kept private until 1881 when they went public. they lost credibility in 1886 after the haymarket riot. their goal was to create workers cooperatives, abolish child labor, abolish monpolies and trusts, and settle labor disputes not using strikes.

Haymarket bombing

May 4th, 1886 in chicago police tryed to stop public union meeting and then it was bombed killing 7 police offeres and decreasing credibility of unions in general.

American Federation of Labor

largest us union at the time created in 1886 by Samuel Gompers. thsi one was more broad to hopefully be more sucsessful with just the goals of better working conditions and higher wages through walkouts and collective barganing. in 1901 there were 1 million members.

Samuel Gompers

founded the American federation of labor in 1886 and led it until 1924

homestead strike

strike in Andrew Carnegies Homestead steel plant in 1892 when they cut wages by 20%. it lasted 5 months and ended with gaurds, a lockout, and strikbreakers and 16 worker deaths ultimatly stopping labor unions in the steel industry.

pullman strike

1894 strike in pull,an car company where they negociated with the ARU to stop pullman cars from going in the right way and going with mail cars but the president refused to help and a supreme court case descided that factory managament can use court injuctions to stop labor strikes.

Eugine V Debs

leader of the American railraod union who was jailed for his help in the pullman strike and later helped for the american socailist party in 1900.

Old immigrants

mostly protestant english speaking immirganst from northern and western europe with high literacy rates and job skills often from Germany, Scandanavia, and the British Isles coming to the Us mosty up until and through the 1880s. These immigrnats found it much easier to bled into American life and jobs.

New immigrants

southern and eastern eurpoeans coming between 1890s-1914 who were often poor, illiterate, unskilled workers unaccosumed to democracy. They were usually italian, greek, croatian, slovakain, polish, or russian and were jewish, russian orthodox, greek orthodox, or roman catholic. This also included many young men who would come to work to get money and then return to home countries and it could also be asian immigrnats.

Chinese Exlusion Act

law created in 1882 banning the immigration of people from China to the US in response to large influxes during the gold rush starting in 1848. It was finally lifted in 1965.

Tenement apartments

small, cramped, dirty, window-less (until 1879 law in nyc), apartments in ethnic enighborhoods in inner cities cramming 4,000 people into one city block. They were crowded, spread desises like cholera, typhoid, and tb, had high crime rates, and were created to increase profits for landlords who split larger apratment complexes up to have more costuomers.

Ellis Island

immigration center in new york harbor opened in 1892 where immigrants had to pass medical examinations and pay a tax (and starting in 1917 pass a literacy test) before entering the US.

Political machines

organized groups of politicians with one boss politican and loyal supporters. They were pwoerful and helped buisnesses, immigrnats nd the underprivilages by helping with welfare, affordably housing, food basketes, and modern city services to get votes but they were often greedy in addition to this generosity and in the case of boss tweed, committed fraud to get taxpayers money in their own pockets.

Tammany Hall

A politcal machine in new york city that started as a social club and then developed into a political power center through helping immigrnats and the needy with services in return for votes.

Settlement Houses

houses were young remformers lived and worked in poor neighborhoods to help the poor by provding social srvcies such as teaching english, early childhood education, industrial arts, and establishing neighborhood theaters and music schools. by 1910, there were 400 across major US cities.

Jane Addams

Female reformer who founded the Hull House in 1889 in Chicago, the most famous settlement house.

Melting pot

most popular view towards the us culture with immigration in the 19th and early 20th century. sees the us as one pt where immigranst assimilated to the us society and culture by shedding thier old charactersitics to be sucsessful in the us and that people built one common culture in the US.

Gospel of Wealth

book written by andrew carnegie encouraging the wealthy to be pilanthtrapists and donate to better sociert as he believes it is their duty and to do so wisly by funding public recources such as colleges, libraries, and parks.

W.E.B. Du Boise

1st african american to recieve a doctorate from Harvard and leading black socail scientist and advocate of his timefocsuing on racial equality, integrated schools, and equal acces to higher education for the ¨talanted tenth¨ of the black population.

Clarance Darrow

famous laywer who argued that criminal behavuior can be a cause of ones envrionment of poverty, abuse and neglect rather than the leading idea at the time that people who commited crimes were born inherently evil criminals.

William Randoulph Hearst

new york publisher of a mass-circulation newspaper pushing dramatic scandals and sensationalism.

Joseph Pulitzer

NY publisher of new york world, the first newspaper to get over 1 mill circulation in 1890 featuring crime, disasters, and political and economic corruption.

Salvation Army

organization brout to the US in 1879 to give basic neccesities to the homeless and poor and spread chfistain gospel as part of the reform movement of the 1880s and 90s

Social gospel

movment in the 1880s and 90s of applying christiina values to help society by increasing wages, living conditionsm and public health to help those in poverty and enable people to find salvation.

Susan B Anthony

pioneer feminist of 1890 helping to push womens sufferage and started the national womens suffereage association. she was jailed becuase she illegally voted in an election exersizing what she believes is her right to vote

NAWSA

National American Womens Sufferage Association foounded by susan b anthony along with another women, they sucseeed in getting some states womens right to vote (wyoming in 1869 was teh first) and in getting other rights for women

WCTU

Womens Cristian temprence union in 1874 started by francese willward to advoate for total absitence from alcholohol. they had 500,000 members by 1898.

Anti-Saloon Leauge

1893 political force pursuading 21 states to close saloons by 1916 as part of the temprence movement.

Carrie Nation

female pioneer as part of the temperance movement who would smash bottles of beer and alchohol and destroy saloons

Mark Twain

1st great realist author known for revealing greed, violence, and racism in US society and for his novel the advantures of hucjlberry fin that came out in 1884.

Frank Lloyd Wright

famous architect in the 1890s known for developing an organic style using long horizontal lines on prarie style houses to harmonize with nature

crédit mobilier

railroad construction company bribed gov officials for increased ladn grants to build a railroad and the proceeded to pocket lots of the money as it cost less to build than they had said it did.

interstate commerce act of 1887

gave federal gov the ability to regulate things relating t9o interstate commerce, requiring railroad rates to be fair, and set up the first regulatory agency the interstate commerce commision. however the commission actually ended up helping the railraod companies by stabalizing rates and decreasing competition.

US vs E.C. Knight Co

1896 superme court case ruling that the sherman antitrust actg only applied to commerce not manufacturing thus devreasing its effectivness and leavikng trusts unchecked

sherman antitrust act

1890 law prohibiting any contracts combination or conspiracy in the form of trust or in restraint of trade/commerce. however, it was poor;y worded and thus had many loopholes proving ineffective.

Pendleton Act of 1881

set up the civil service commision to end the patronage system after presidenten garfeilds assasination in 1881

civil service commision

created an applicant based system where people had to apply and be qualified to hold governmnet offices ending the previously popular patrinage system

soft money

when there is increased money in circulation to help farmers and debtors by causing inflation to increase prices of products so they can sell something for more money, pay off loans easily, and have lower intrest rates. it included paper money and unlimoted silver coinage

hard money

money backed by gold stored in vaults so that dollars hold thei rvalue and do not inflate (they catculaly gained value by 1300 percent from 1865-1895). this is supported by bankers, buisnesses, creditors, and investors

Panic of 1873

finacnial recession that manhy americans blamed on the gold standard restrcing the money supply and it was also caused from the printing of unbacked paper money in the 1860s (greenbacks)

Bland-Allison Act

a compromise law to appease the government and big buisness who want no silver coinage added to circularion and farmers and greenbacks who want unlimited silver coinage. ut said there would be between 2 mill - 4 mill in silver per month so that the silver-gold money backed ratio would stay at 16:1

african americans

continued to suppoirt republicans because of antislavery past with lincoln

solid south

former confederate south consistenly voting for democrats after 1877

farmers alliances

farmers in west and south in 1890s banding together to vote politicians into state legislatures, goevenors, and congress and populists forming the ohmaha platform in 1892 for political and economic change

ohmaha platform

populists party platform created in 1892 with the following values/goals: direct election of senators, increased voter reforendums (to increase the power of the ocmmon voter)m unlimited silver coinage, loans and fed wherehouses for farmers, 8 hr industrial work day

grover cleveland

dem president who won the election twice but not consecutivly, the second time with the help of th epopilists, ran on being against the unpopular mcckinly tariff

panif of 1893

stock market crashed due to overspeculation, railroad companies went bankrupted due to overbuilding, and farmers were foreclosed, 20 percent unemployment rate, finally ended after 4 yrs with grover pushing gold standard and hands off policies.