APUSH Chapter 2 and 3 Vocab Atwood

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who challenged Puritan doctrines in the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Atlantic World

A pattern of exchange between Western Europe, Western Africa, North and South America, and the Caribbean. Made it easier to get goods from foreign places.

Bacon's Rebellion

an armed uprising in colonial Virginia from 1676-1677, led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor William Berkeley

Barbados Slave Trade

birthplace of Britain's slave society

Congregational Church

(also known as Puritanism) Protestant movement in New England, characterized by its emphasis on local church autonomy and the direct rule of Christ

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by selling more goods than they bought

Metacomet

leader of the Pokanoket and Grand Sachem of the Wampanoag confederacy. He is known for leading a war of Indigenous resistance against English colonists in New England during a King Philip's War

Middle Ground

space in the Great Lakes region where Native American and European (primarily French) cultures interacted and accommodated each other

Navigation Acts

a series of British laws, designed to control colonial trade by mandating that goods be carried only on English or colonial ships

New Amsterdam

Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherland. This later became "New York City"

Pennsylvania

Founded by William Penn as a Quaker colony

Pequot War

conflict in colonial New England between the Pequot tribe and English settlers, allied with the Mohegan and Narragansett tribes

Plymouth Plantation

the Plymouth Colony, founded in 1620

Dominion of New England

centralized colonial government created by King James II in 1686 to consolidate New England colonies

English Caribbean

British colonies in the Caribbean, particularly Barbados

Fundamental Constitution for Carolina

proposed governing documents for the British colony of Carolina, drafted by John Locke in 1669

George & Cecilius Calvert

initiated the founding of Maryland as a refuge for English Catholics but died before receiving the official charter, which was granted to his son, Cecilius Calvert

Glorious Revolution

the overthrow of the King James II of England and replaced with William and Mary of Orange, protestants

Headright

land grant program established in the colonies, particularly Virginia, where 50 acres of land were given to those who paid the passage for a new settler

Jacob Leisler

led Leisler's Rebellion, a uprising in New York, where he seized control of the colonial government and established a provisional government

Powhatan

leader of the Powhatan Confederacy, a powerful alliance of Native American tribes in the Chesapeake Bay region of Virginia

Praying Indians

Natives who converted to Christianity under Puritan missionaries and lived in special settlements called praying towns

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, and under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

Roger Williams

founded Rhode Island based on his advocacy for religious freedom and the separation of church and state

Sir William Berkeley

governor of colonial Virginia known for his advocacy for economic diversification and his central role in Bacon's Rebellion

Theocracy

a state or government where religious leaders hold political power and the state's laws are based on religious law

James Oglethorpe

Founder of Georgia

Jamestown

First permanent English settlement in North America

John Calvin

Protestant reformer who believed in predestination (Calvinism)

John Smith

an English soldier, explorer, and author who was crucial to the early survival of the Jamestown colony

John Winthrop

first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and a key figure in the founding of New England

King's Philip's War

conflict in New England between colonists and a coalition of Native American tribes led by Metacomet

Massachusetts Bay Company

Joint-stock company chartered by the English crown 1629 that established the Massachusetts Bay Colony under John Winthrop

Mayflower Compact

a 1620 agreement signed by 41 Pilgrims to establishing order and lawful government in the Plymouth Colony

Tobacco

Cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown

Toleration Act

granted religious freedom to Christians but excluded non-Christians by the Maryland Assembly

Virginia House of Burgesses

the first representative government in the American colonies, established in 1619 in Virginia

Wampanoags

Native American tribe who had an alliance with the Pilgrims

William Bradford

leader of the Pilgrims and the long-serving governor of Plymouth Colony

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Cotton Mather

Puritan minister and author in colonial New England, known for his influential role in the Salem witch trials

Covenant

religious compromise allowing baptized but unconverted church members to have their children baptized

Enlightenment Ideals

emphasized reason, individual rights, natural rights (life, liberty, property), popular sovereignty, and the social contract

George Whitefield

English Anglican priest and a central figure of the First Great Awakening

Great Awakening

religious revival movement emphasizing emotionalism and individual spirituality, a reaction against the Enlightenment's focus on reason and tradition

Gullah

descendants of enslaved Africans in the regions of South Carolina and Georgia

Huguenots

French Protestants

Indentured Servitude

A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to North America

Jeremiad

type of sermon that serves as a lamentation and prophetic warning against the perceived decline in religious piety and moral virtue within a nation or community

John and Charles Wesley

Founders of Methodism

John Locke

Enlightenment philosopher whose ideas influenced the American Revolution and idea of natural rights

John Peter Zenger

German-American printer in New York whose trial was a landmark case for freedom of the press

Jonathan Edwards

Congregationalist clergyman known for "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," a sermon that intensified the First Great Awakening

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Primogeniture

English law that favored male-preference inheritance, giving the majority of or the entirety of an estate to the eldest son

Saugus Ironworks

first successful integrated ironworks in North America, operating from 1646 to 1668 in colonial Massachusetts

Scots-Irish

group of Presbyterian Scots who settled in the Irish province of Ulster before emigrating to America, primarily in the Middle Colonies

Slave Codes

laws designed to define and control enslaved people, treating them as property rather than people and restricting their rights to prevent revolts and ensure a stable labor force

Stono Rebellion

largest slave revolt in the British colonies, occurring in South Carolina in 1739, with about 60 enslaved Africans

Triangular Trade

transatlantic exchange of goods, resources, and people between Europe, Africa, and the Americas