Anatomy & Physiology Quiz #3

Define articulation

• mobile and immobile articulators brought into contact to shape the sounds of speech

• the undifferentiated buzz produced by vocal folds is shaped into phonemes in the oral cavity

Mandible

• lower jaw

• sensory innervation for the teeth and gums

maxillae

• compromise the upper jaw

  • involved in clefting of the lip and hard palate

  • make up most of the roof of the mouth

  • support for the eye ball

nasal bone

• small

• superior nasal surface

nasal conchae

• small scroll-like bones on lateral surface of nasal cavity

palatine bones

• provide posterior ¼ of hard palate

• horizontal plate

• perpendicular plate: makes up posterior wall of nasal cavity

zygomatic bones

• forms the cheekbones

lacrimal bones

• almost completely hidden

• small portion of the lateral nasal wall

hyoid bone

demonstrates interconnection of the phonatory and articulatory systems

ethmoid bone

• the core of the skull and face

• complex, delicate structure

sphenoid bone

• located within the brain case

• lesser and greater wings

Frontal bone

makes up bony forehead

Parietal bone

• paired bones form middle portion of the brain case

occipital bone

posterior braincase

temporal bone

• lateral skull

Dental Occlusion

process of bringing upper and lower teeth into alignment 

Class I Occlusion

• normal orientation of mandible and maxillae - few millimeters of overbite

Class II Malocclusion 

• relatively retracted mandible

• may be product of relative micrognathia (undersized jaw)

Class III Malocclusion

• relatively protruded mandible

Cavities of the Vocal Tract

• source filter theory depends upon cavities to shape acoustic output

Oral cavity

• most significant of the cavities

• undergoes most change during speech act

• strongly involved in articulation

• shaped by movements of tongue and mandible

Oral Cavity: Hard palate

hard roof of the mouth

Oral Cavity: Velum

soft palate - soft roof of mouth - movable muscle that separates oral and nasal cavities

Oral Cavity: Uvula

terminus of soft palate

Oral Cavity: Anterior and posterior faucial pillars

sides of the velum

Oral Cavity: Palatine tonsils

between faucial pillars

Buccal cavity

• plays a role in oral resonance and high level consonant production

• lies lateral to oral cavity between teeth and cheeks

Pharyngeal cavity (pharynx)

• shaped altered by pharyngeal constrictor muscles, laryngeal elevation, and depression

Types of pharyngeal cavities: oropharynx

posterior to fauces, above is velum

Types of pharyngeal cavities: laryngopharynx (hypoharynx)

anterior epiglottis, inferior esophagus

Types of pharyngeal cavities: nasopharynx

above the soft palate, contains Eustachian tube - aerates the middle ear

Types of pharyngeal cavities: Velopharyngeal port

opening between oropharynx and nasopharynx

Nasal cavities

• warms and humidifies air to protect the lungs

• fine nasal hairs prevent particles from entering lower respiratory tract

What are the three significant structures for speech?

lips, tongue, and velum

Lip movement:

muscles of the face

Tongue movement:

muscles of tongue, mandible, and hyoid

Velum movement:

muscles of oral and nasal regions

Lip muscles: obicularis oris

encircle mouth opening

Lip muscles: Risorius

retracts corner of mouth

Lip muscles: Buccinator

deep to risourius, retracts corner of mouth, involved in mastication

Lip muscles: Zygomatic major

elevate and retract angle of the mouth, smiling

Lip muscles: mentalis muscle

elevates and wrinkles chin, pulls lower lip outpout

Lip muscles: Platysma

depresses mandible

Muscles of tongue: mastication and deglutition

extrinsinc muscles - move tongue in desired direction

intrinsic muscles - fine control of articulatory gestures

Regions of Tongue: dorsum

superior surface

Regions of Tongue: tip/ apex

most anterior portion

Regions of Tongue: base

resides in oropharynx

Regions of Tongue: Root

pharyngeal portion

Intrinsic Lingual muscles: superior longitudinal

elevate tongue tip

Intrinsic Lingual muscles: inferior longitudinal

pulls tongue tip down

Intrinsic Lingual muscles: transverse muscle

narrows tongue

Intrinsic Lingual muscles: vertical muscles

flatten tongue

Extrinsic Lingual muscles: genioglossus

prime tongue mover

Extrinsic Lingual muscles: hyoglossus

pulls sides of tongue down

Extrinsic Lingual muscles: styloglossus

draw tongue back and up

Extrinsic Lingual muscles: chondroglossus

tongue depressor (part of hyoglossus)

Extrinsic Lingual muscles: palatoglossus

evades back of tongue, makes up anterior faucial arch

Mandibular elevators: masseter

elevates mandible

Mandibular elevators: temporalis

elevates mandible and draws it back if protruded

Mandibular elevators: medial pterygoid

elevates mandible

Mandibular:

muscle of protrusion

Lateral pterygoid

protrudes mandible - grinding action

Mandibular depressors: digastricus

anterior and posterior - depresses mandible

Mandibular depressors: mylohyoid

depresses mandible if hyoid fixed

Mandibular depressors: geniohyoid

depresses mandible if hyoid fixed

Velum muscles: soft palate (velum)

combination of muscle, nerves, tissues, and blood supply covered by mucous muscle

Muscles of the Velum:

• depressed for nasal sounds “m,n,ng”

• elevate structure to completely separate oral and nasal areas: during most speaking time and when swallowing

Velar Elevators: levator veli palatini

• makes up bulk of soft palate; primary elevator of the soft palate

Velar Elevators: musculus uvulae

• muscle embodies in uvula which makes up medial and posterior portion of soft palate - shortens the soft palate

Eustachian tube dilator - tensor veli palatini

opens auditory tube to permit aeration of the middle ear cavity

Velar Depressors: