Untitled Flashcards Set

Attribution

The process of explaining the causes of behavior and events.

Altruism

Selfless concern for the well-being of others.

Bystander effect

A social phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help a victim when others are present.

Central route to persuasion

A method of persuasion that involves using logical arguments and factual evidence.

Collectivism

A cultural orientation that emphasizes the group over the individual.

Cognitive dissonance

The mental discomfort experienced by a person who holds contradictory beliefs or values.

Compassionate love

A form of love characterized by deep affection and emotional intimacy.

Conformity

The act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms.

Diffusion of responsibility

The tendency for individuals to feel less responsible when others are present.

Discrimination

Unjust treatment of different categories of people.

Dispositional attribution

Attributing someone's behavior to their personality or character.

Door-in-the-face technique

A persuasion strategy involving initially making a large request that is expected to be refused.

Ethnocentrism

Evaluating other cultures based on the standards of one's own culture.

False consensus effect

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors.

Fundamental attribution error

The tendency to overemphasize personal traits and underestimate situational factors when judging others' behavior.

Foot-in-the-door technique

A persuasion strategy that involves making a small request to gain eventual compliance with a larger request.

Halo effect

The tendency to allow one positive trait to influence overall perception of a person.

Individualism

A cultural orientation that emphasizes personal independence and self-reliance.

Group polarization

The tendency for group discussions to enhance the group's prevailing attitudes.

Ingroup bias

The tendency to favor one's own group over others.

Just world phenomenon

The belief that the world is inherently fair, and people get what they deserve.

Compliance

The tendency to agree to a request or demand.

Mere exposure effect

The phenomenon where people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them.

Prejudice

A preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members.

Peripheral route to persuasion

A method of persuasion that relies on superficial cues rather than logical arguments.

Out-group

A social group with which an individual does not identify.

Obedience

The act of following orders or instructions from an authority figure.

Reciprocity norm

The expectation that people will respond favorably to each other by returning benefits for benefits.

Norm

An accepted standard of behavior for a group.

Matching hypothesis

The theory that people are attracted to others with similar levels of attractiveness.

Normative social influence

Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

Spotlight effect

The phenomenon where people tend to overestimate how much others notice their actions.

Stereotype threat

The risk of confirming negative stereotypes about one's group.

Social identity theory

A theory that explains how individuals derive a sense of self from their social group memberships.

Groupthink

The practice of thinking or making decisions as a group, leading to a lack of individual creativity or responsibility.

Informational social influence

Influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.

Scapegoat theory

The theory that prejudice arises from a need to blame other groups for our troubles.

Persuasion

The process of influencing someone's beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors.

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment.

Social norms

Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members.

Aggression

Behavior intended to harm another individual.

Self-serving bias

The tendency to attribute positive events to one's own character but attribute negative events to external factors.

Situational attribution

Attributing someone's behavior to external factors such as the environment.

Passionate love

An intense feeling of longing and attraction towards another person.

Elaboration likelihood model

A model explaining how people are persuaded and the routes to persuasion.

Social psychology

The study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in social situations.

Stereotype

A widely held but oversimplified and generalized belief about a particular group.

Social loafing

The tendency for individuals to put in less effort when working in a group.

Social interference

A decrease in performance in the presence of others.

Social facilitation

An improvement in performance when in the presence of others.

Social dilemma

A conflict in which the interest of the individual conflicts with the interest of the group.

Triangular theory of love

A theory suggesting that love consists of three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment.

Scripts

Cognitive structures that guide behavior in specific situations.

Social exchange theory

The theory that human relationships are based on the exchange of rewards and costs.

Deindividuation

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations.

Superordinate goals

Goals that require cooperation and override differences among people.

Social desirability bias

The tendency to respond to questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others.

Self-effacing bias

The tendency to downplay one's accomplishments and abilities in a social context.

Social striving

The motivation to enhance one's performance through group norms.

Matching hypothesis

The theory that people choose partners of similar attractiveness.

Low-ball technique

A persuasion tactic where an agreement is gained at a low cost, then additional costs are presented.

Prosocial behaviors

Actions intended to benefit others.

Stereotype boost

The phenomenon where individuals perform better when they perceive themselves positively from group stereotypes.

Prisoner’s dilemma

A situation in which two individuals must decide whether to cooperate or betray the other.

Commoner's dilemma

A situation where individual users acting independently according to their self-interest can deplete shared resources.

Frustration–aggression hypothesis

The theory that frustration often leads to aggression.

Actor-observer effect

The tendency to attribute one's own actions to situational factors while attributing others' actions to their character.

Self-handicapping

The strategy of creating obstacles and excuses to avoid self-blame when one does poorly.

Achievement Motivation

The need for success or the attainment of excellence.

Affiliation Motivation

The need to form personal attachments and to be part of social groups.

Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight.

Approach-Approach Conflict

A conflict arising from having to choose between two desirable options.

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

A conflict occurring when a single goal has both positive and negative aspects.

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

A conflict arising from having to choose between two undesirable options.

Cannon-Bard Theory

The theory that emotions and physiological reactions occur simultaneously.

Double Approach-Avoidance Conflict

A conflict arising from having to choose between two alternatives, each having both desirable and undesirable aspects.

Drive-Reduction Theory

The theory that motivation arises from the desire to reduce a drive.

Extrinsic Motivation

Engaging in a behavior to earn external rewards or avoid punishment.

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

The theory that facial expressions can influence emotional experience.

Fight-or-Flight Response

The body's response to perceived threats, preparing for either fighting or fleeing.

General Adaptation Syndrome

A three-stage response to stress: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, from physiological needs to self-actualization.

Incentive Theory

The theory that behavior is motivated by external rewards.

Intrinsic Motivation

The drive to engage in an activity for its own sake.

James–Lange Theory

The theory that emotions result from physiological reactions to events.

Opponent Process Theory of Emotion

The theory that emotions are regulated by opposing emotional responses.

Primary Drive

Basic drives that are necessary for physical survival.

Relative Deprivation

The perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself.

Schachter–Singer Theory of Emotion (Two-Factor)

The theory that emotions are based on physiological arousal and cognitive label.

Secondary Drive

Drives that are learned or acquired through experiences.

Self-Actualization

The realization of one's potential and self-fulfillment.

Set Point Theory

The theory that the body has a weight range it strives to maintain.

Yerkes–Dodson Law

The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point.

Biofeedback

A technique that trains individuals to improve their health by controlling bodily processes.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

A mental disorder characterized by obsessive focus on perceived flaws in physical appearance.

Catharsis

The process of releasing strong or repressed emotions.

Display Rules

Cultural norms that dictate which emotions are appropriate to express.

Eustress

A positive form of stress that can motivate and energize individuals.

Grit

Perseverance and passion for long-term goals.

Insulin

A hormone that regulates blood sugar levels.