Ab normal ch 3 and 4 exam

What are the important reasons to classify abnormal behavior?

Important decisions made on basis of that diagnoses, drugs, therapy etc

Helps psychologists predict future behavior without treatment

Helps researchers identify patterns of behaviors to improve treatments

In the DSM-5, how are the disorders classififed?

Broad categories of disorders, specific disorders within broad categories

Abnormal behavior patterns are classified as mental disorders

Axes of the old DSM-IV classification system

A1-clinical syndromes

A2-personality disorders

A3-medical conditions → psychological

A4-financial → psychological

A5-global assessment of functioning

International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

Set of designations used by healthcare workers to communicate diseases, abnormal findings etc

Reliability vs validity

Reliable test for consistency

Validity, does the test measure what it is supposed to be measured

How has the DSM been expanded

Expansion of diagnosable disorders

Changes in classification

Changes in diagnostic criteria for particular disorders

Process of development

Existing disorders reclassified or consolidated (Aspergers →ASD, trichotillomania→ OCD)

Most widely used means of assesment

The clinical interview

Identify data, description of presenting problems

Psychosocial history, medical/psychiatric history, medical problems/medication

Why do clients/patients prefer computerized interviews

Clients may be more willing to answer questions while over the computer

Why are intelligence test used in the assessment of abnormal behavior

Used to help diagnose an intellectual disability, measure intellectual impairment

What is Wechsler’s IQ score based on

Based on how respondents answers deviated from those attained by their age-mates

100 is true average, SD of 15

90-110 is average

below 70 below average

What is the MMPI

567 T/F statements that asses interests, habits, family, relationships etc

Assist clinicians on diagnosing dosorders

Individual scales

What scales on the MMPI measure an individuals specific complaints or concerns

Content scales

MMPI clinical scales

1-hypochondriac

2-Depression

3-hysteria

4-anti-social personality disorder

5-Masculinity-femininity

6-Paranoia

7-psychoasthenia

8-schizophrenia

9-hypomania

10-social introversion

What is reality testing

Response consistent with the form of the blot suggesting adequate reality testing

Explain the inkblot technique

Perceptions of what the ink blots are showing reflect personality well

Clinicians make interpretations on the basis of the content and the form of the responses-location, form, popular or original

Focus on small details = OCD

Who developed the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Henry A Murray

What does the TAT consist of

Given cards in black and white and told to tell the clinician what is going on, what happened just before, and what’s going to happen next

Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test

One of the first neuropsychologial tests to be developed for underlying brain damage

Shown geometric shapes, asks client to reproduce shapes

What is the behavioral model

Approach to clinical assessment that focuses on the objective recording and description of problem behavior

Self-monitoring

Process of observing or recording one’s own behaviors, thoughts or emotions

Direct observaation

Clinicians can observe and quantify problem behavior

Considered the hallmark

Unstructured interview

Informal chat, clinicians adopt their own style of questioning rather than following any standard format

Structured interview

Interview that follows a preset series of questions in a particular order

Advantage of direct observation

Does not rely on client reports which may be distorted

Problem associated with self monitoring

Lack of consensus in defining problems in behavioral terms, clinicians must agree, some clients do not keep accurate records

What is a personal digital assistant

A handheld device that combines multiple organization features, clients can easily document what is happening

Adjustment disorder

Maladaptive reaction to a distressing life event or stressor that develops within 3 months of the onset of stressor

Emotional or behavioral response

Acute stress disorder

Maladaptive behavior for a period of 3 days to 1 month following exposure to traumatic event

PTSD

Prolonged maladaptive reaction that lasts longer than 1 month after the traumatic episode

Common features of traumatic stress disorder

Anxiety depression, impairment of daily life

Avoidance behaviors, reexperiencing trauma, emotional distress, heightened arousal, emotional numbing

What is the most frequent source of trauma linked to PTSD

car accident

What results have cognitive behavior therapists produced in the treatment of PTSD

Impressive results

Repeated exposure to cues and emotions associated with the trauma allowing extinction to occur

Prolonged exposure-intense form of exposure in which a person reexperiences the traumatic event in imagination or in real life w/o seeking to escape from anxiety

Case 4 Elaine

Diagnosis: PTSD

Treatment: Behavioral and cognitive therapy

Case 12 Renee/Ron

Diagnosis: gender dysmorphia

Treatment: psychotherapy (4 months), hormone replacement therapy, real life experience, surgery

Case 17-Adam

Diagnosis: Autism Spectrum Disorder

Treatment: Early intervention, therapy (occupational, speech), parents changed diet, full day program

Case 19-Fred

Diagnosis: neurocognitive disorder

Treatment: no direct treatment, medication (cholinesterase and memantine, antidepressants), facilities, behavioral interventions