Alkenes and Alkynes (copy)

studied byStudied by 0 people
0.0(0)
learn
LearnA personalized and smart learning plan
exam
Practice TestTake a test on your terms and definitions
spaced repetition
Spaced RepetitionScientifically backed study method
heart puzzle
Matching GameHow quick can you match all your cards?
flashcards
FlashcardsStudy terms and definitions

1 / 45

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

LEC

46 Terms

1

distillation

cis-trans isomers of alkenes are configurational stereoisomers that can be separated from one another by what process? (taking advantage of the difference in their boiling points)

New cards
2

light or heat

the required energy to break the pi bond in geometric isomers of alkenes may be in the form of (?)

New cards
3

no

does the conversion of cis to trans occur under normal laboratory conditions?

New cards
4

addition reaction

  • the most common reaction with alkenes

  • this process is product-favored because the products are more stable (sigma bonded)

Includes:

  • Halogenation

  • Hydration

  • Hydrohalogenation

New cards
5

acid catalyst

if this is present in hydration, water adds to alkenes, and the products are alcohols

New cards
6

acids

various (?) can add to double bonds of alkanes

New cards
7

unsymmetric

if both the reagent and the alkene are (?), 2 products are possible

New cards
8

regioisomers

a class of constitutional isomers which have the same functional groups but attached at different positions

New cards
9

regiospecific additions

produce only 1 regioisomer

New cards
10

regioselective additions

one major regioisomer is produced, while the other is present in only trace amounts

New cards
11

Markovnikov’s Rule

When an unsymmetric reagent is added to an unsymmetric alkene, the electropositive part of the reagent bonds to the carbon of the double bond that has the greater number of hydrogen atoms attached, or the more electronegative part of the reagent bonds to the carbon of the double bond that is more substituted (less hydrogen)

New cards
12

electrophilic addition

A reaction in which an electrophile is added to an alkene

New cards
13

electrophiles

“electron lovers”

  • Electron-poor reagents

  • Seeks electrons

  • e.g. often cations, electron-deficient

    species, Lewis acids

New cards
14

nucleophiles

“nucleus lovers”

  • Electron-rich reagents

  • form bonds by donating electrons to an electrophile

  • e.g. electronegative elements, Lewis bases, negatively-charged species, has multiple bonds

New cards
15

nucleophile

the (?) can act as a supplier of pi electrons to (?)

New cards
16

nucleophile

in the electrophilic addition of alkenes, the C=C double bond acts as a (?) due to its pi electrons

New cards
17

proton (H+)

what serves as the attacking electrophile?

New cards
18

2

in the Mechanism of Electrophilic Addition of Alkenes, as the proton approaches the pi bond, (?) pi electrons form a sigma bond between the proton and one carbon atom

New cards
19

unstable and reactive

carbocations are highly (?) because there are only six electrons around the positively- charged carbon (NOT OCTET)

New cards
20

increases

Carbocation stability (?) as the number of adjacent alkyl groups increases.

New cards
21

inductive effects

(an explanation for carbocation stabilization)

an alkyl group can share electron density with an adjacent carbocation, therby stabilizing it

New cards
22

hyperconjugation

(an explanation for carbocation stabilization)

  • electrons in the C-H bonds of adjacent carbon atoms can overlap with the empty p-orbital of the carbocation (as long as they are planar)

New cards
23

stabilizing

the interaction between a bonding orbital and an empty p-orbital is (?)

New cards
24

alkyl halide

what is the product of hydrohalogenation?

New cards
25

alcohol

what is the product of the hydration mechanism?

New cards
26

pi bonds

halogens react with what bonds due to their polarizability?

New cards
27

vicinal dihalide

what is the product of the halogenation of alkenes?

New cards
28

hydroboration

the addition of borane (BH3) to an alkene, forming alkylborane

New cards
29

less

in hydroboration (unsymmetrical alkenes), the boron atom bonds to the (?) substituted carbon atom

New cards
30

alcohol

what is the product of the hydroboration-oxidation of alkenes?

New cards
31

metal catalyst

in the reduction of alkenes, the addition of H2 occurs only in the presence of a (?)

New cards
32

conjugated diene

(type of diene)

  • double bonds are separated by one single bond

  • sometimes called as 1,3-dienes

  • 1,3-butadiene is the simplest

New cards
33

isolated diene

(type of diene)

  • double bonds are separated by more than one single bond

New cards
34

cumulated diene

(type of diene)

  • double bonds are adjacent

New cards
35

allylic carbocation

A carbocation with a carbon-carbon double bond adjacent to the positive carbon

New cards
36

concerted reaction

a reaction in which all bond-breaking and bond-making occur at the same time

New cards
37

diels-alder reaction

the reaction between a conjugated diene and an alkene (dienophile) to form unsaturated six-membered rings

New cards
38

dicarbonyl compound

for a cycloalkene, oxidative cleavage results in a single molecule with 2 carbonyl groups, or a (?)

New cards
39

epoxide

  • cyclic ether with a three-membered ring

  • contains an oxygen atom attached to two adjacent carbon atoms of a hydrocarbon

New cards
40

terminal alkyne

alkyne that has at least one hydrogen atom directly bonded to each of the carbon atoms involved in the triple bond

  • require the presence of an additional Hg2+ catalyst (usually HgSO4) to yield methyl ketone by Markovnikov's addition of water

New cards
41

internal alkyne

alkyne that has no hydrogen atoms directly bonded to either of the carbon atoms involved in the triple bond

  • undergo hydration with a concentration sulfuric acid to form ketones

New cards
42

vinyl halide

Has a halogen atom directly attached to a carbon atom within a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C)

  • addition of one mole

New cards
43

geminal dihalide

has 2 halogen atoms directly attached to the same carbon atom

  • vinyl halide reacts with a second mole of HX to form this

New cards
44

sp hybridized C—H bonds

what is the most acidic among sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridized C—H bonds?

New cards
45

strong base

terminal alkynes are readily deprotonated with (?) in a Bronsted-Lowry acid-base reaction

New cards
46

acetylide ion

resulting ion from the deprotonation of terminal alkynes with a sufficiently strong base

  • they can react with a variety of electrophiles

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 18 people
899 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 32 people
794 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 1 person
28 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 103 people
856 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 3 people
761 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 10 people
693 days ago
4.5(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 39 people
953 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 11 people
776 days ago
5.0(1)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (33)
studied byStudied by 3 people
792 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (62)
studied byStudied by 5 people
765 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (82)
studied byStudied by 10 people
56 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (40)
studied byStudied by 5 people
171 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (20)
studied byStudied by 115 people
507 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (25)
studied byStudied by 12 people
468 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (25)
studied byStudied by 2 people
661 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (38)
studied byStudied by 38 people
8 days ago
5.0(1)
robot