Untitled Flashcards Set

Ambrose

Bishop of Milan who fought Arianism and influenced St. Augustine's conversion.

Charlemagne

Holy Roman Emperor and King of the Franks known for spreading Christianity and education.

Charles Martel

Military leader who stopped the Muslim conquest of Europe at the Battle of Tours.

Gregory IX

Pope who launched the Papal Inquisition to combat heresy and canonized St. Francis of Assisi.

Henry IV

Holy Roman Emperor who conflicted with Pope Gregory VII over bishop appointments.

Innocent III

Pope who expanded the power of the papacy and called for the Fourth Crusade.

Jerome

St. Jerome, known for translating the Bible into Latin to increase accessibility.

John Chrysostom

A great preacher known for speaking out against corruption within the Church.

John Lackland

English King who signed the Magna Carta to limit his power.

Nicholas II

Pope who reformed the Church and established procedures for papal elections.

Otto of Germany

Otto the Great, Holy Roman Emperor who strengthened the Empire and collaborated with the Church.

Pepin

King of the Franks who protected the Pope and granted land to the Church.

Photius

Patriarch of Constantinople who defended Eastern Christianity against papal control.

St. Anthony of Egypt

One of the first Christian monks, known as the father of monasticism.

St. Benedict

Founder of the Benedictine Order and author of a widely followed monastic rule.

St. Francis of Assisi

Founder of the Franciscan Order who lived a life of radical poverty and love of nature.

St. Scholastica

Founded a convent of nuns and accepted her brother Benedict's monastic rule.

Urban II

Pope who called for the First Crusade to recapture the Holy Land from Muslims.

William of Aquitaine

Founder of the Abbey of Cluny, a significant center of monastic reform.

Abbot

The head of a monastery responsible for the spiritual and material needs of monks.

Celibacy

The state of remaining unmarried and abstaining from sexual relations, typically for religious reasons.

College of Cardinals

Group of church leaders that advises the pope and elects a new pope when necessary.

Excommunication

Official exclusion from receiving sacraments of the Church due to serious misconduct.

Feudalism

A system of land exchange for military service or work, creating a lord-vassal relationship.

Hegira

The flight of Prophet Muhammad and followers from Mecca to Medina, marking the Islamic calendar's start.

Hermit

An individual living in isolation for religious purposes, focusing on prayer and spiritual growth.

Iconoclasm

The rejection or destruction of religious images in the Byzantine Empire due to their contested use in worship.

Interdict

Church prohibition that restricts an individual or region from receiving sacraments as a form of punishment.

Lay Investiture

The appointment of church leaders by kings or rulers, leading to conflict over ecclesiastical authority.

Nepotism

The practice of favoring friends or relatives over more qualified individuals for positions of power.

Rule of Benedict

Regulations for monks emphasizing prayer, work, and communal living.

Simony

The buying or selling of church offices, regarded as a corrupt practice.

Spiritual Authority

The Church's authority to guide believers in faith and morals, typically held by the pope and bishops.

Temporal Authority

Political authority of kings or emperors to govern countries and lands.

Transubstantiation

The belief that bread and wine become the actual body and blood of Christ during the Eucharist, while retaining their appearance.