cog

Karl Lashley

Found that memory is not stored in just one place of the brain. Tested on rats.

Henry Molaison

had severe epilepsy - received treatment to remove portions of medial temporal lobe (hippocampus)

HM After Surgery

could recall all long term memory but unable to form new memories

structures removed involved memory

HM Lesson

he could learn new skills such as tracing a shape using a mirror

he gives evidence that in the brain there are different memory systems
surgery that removed his ability to form new memories did not interfere with ability to learn new skill

Memory Taxonomy (Atkinsion and Shiftrom)

3 main kinds

Sensory

Short Term

Sensory Memory

data: same as perception (color

low level unconceptualized information from perception

Example Test for Sensory Memory

George Sperling Test

Sperling Test Results 4/4/4

Whole report (no cue): 4 letters correctly called
Partial Report (cue): 3 letters in cued row correctly recalledcue is random9 letters available for recall
Overall this average is true no matter what row was cued

on average they seem to have three letters from each row

a lot more information in sensory memory

short term memory (working memory)

data: can be abstract (word meanings

Short Term Memory Example

number and letters flashing up

USA FBI CIA KBG

chunking = when you take a bunch of info and treat it as one information
easier for familiar words than unfamiliar words

Change Blindness Test Results

people are good up to four items

more than four and you preform worse and worse

Baddeley Working Memory Model

1 syllable words are easier5 syllable words are harder
nonsense words

Long Term Memory

declarative memory and nondeclarative memory

Scquire

known for his taxonomy of long term memory

declarative memory (explicit memory)

facts and events we can consciously remember and report
factual and event

factual declarative memory (semantic)

often but not always taken to require language

jeopardy knowledge/memory examples (factual)

dogs have four legsthe capital of Kansas is TopekaTuesday follows monday2+2=4
said to be more abstract

event declarative memory (episodic)

memories of experiences of events in specific places at specific timesformat: picture like

event declarative memory examples

vivid video like detailremember specific episodes
said to be more specific and tied to specific location

nondeclarative memory (implicit)

facts

procedural memory

skills and habitsskills: behaviors that are improved through repetitionhabits: behaviors that are automatically activated by context

skills vs habit

riding a bike - skillcheck phone after drinking coffee - habit

Nissen and Bullemer Motor Sequence4 diff squares

4 diff fingers
overtime you cant recall patterns you will

there is learning but does not involve consciousnessthrough practice some series of motor command become quicker

priming

when behavior or mental act is enhanced by prior exposure

repetition and associative priming

repetition priming -faster at responding to a stimulus you've named before
associative priming -faster at saying "candy" after just seeing "sweet"

example of conceptual associative priming

nurses are essential to hospitals"whats a word that starts w D?"

example of perceptual associative priming

cots are uncomfywhich of the following is a word?- Blats

perceptual learning

using perceptual cues to learn regularities in the environment
sometimes understood more narrowly so that the perception itself must change

Perceptual Example

TEE and Bay
all equally spacedyou naturally group them togethersomething inside brain associates words together

find letter T
you get faster on the ones you've seen before

even if you are not conscious of it

Turk Browne

patterns of shapes are broken up

see the same thing twice hit a button
good at saying they seemed familiar

able to learn it
role of intention in learning

conditioning

the result of associating a condition or stimulus with a particular reaction or response
classical and operant

classical and operant

pavlov dog
rat pull lever for food

nonassociative learning

habituation and sensitization

habituation

decrease in response to a repeated exposure

sensitization

increase in response to repeated exposure

are all factual declarative memories conscious?

biases that we arent aware of

Taxonomy

science of classification

We can distinguish memories by

by brain areaby phenomenologyby durationby developmentby disorders (causes

computations

datastorageretrievaluse

data: consolidation

if you wanna forget - delete some info
reduce its complexity -

hyperthymesia

near perfect episodic memories CONS

takes longer to sort through
super rare

dont know whats diff about brains

ScrubJay Consolidation

they gave them a ton of peanuts until they were sick of them

and then they went to where

seem to be storing lots of detailed information about the past

seem to automatically know

averaging consolidation

multi arm bandit

not important to know where its pink and brown on a hippowanna keep track of averages overtime
dont have to remember each payoff

marcel proust

Remembrance of Things Pastnostalgia

examples of averaging

Why you want more than just the average?

take average speed but the car speedsyou wanna keep track of the probabilities
lion hunting

temporal discount

weighted average

the most recent weight more than the past
bee - recently pink flower was good so you go back

yellow flower was good 3 days ago but maybe its been tampered

Possible advantages of consolidation

requires less storage - most data might not be behaviorally relevant
allows us to detect more abstract patterns and trends in the environment
allows us to more easily to search data
helps with recognition/generalization

data

accuracy

police line up
dot test - there is distortion in your memory towards the average size of dots

Possible advantages of inaccuracy

accurate memories sometimes require more time and resources than they're worth
accurate memories sometimes distracts us from important averages and trends

lottery
accurate memories of inaccurate perceptions arent helpful
accurate memories interfere with our ability to remember differences

Storage: Format examples

roman numerical systembase 10base 6
picture v sentences

storage: retrieval (random access memory)

addresses and locations
include other addresses called pointers

addresses can be systematic

content addressable memory

system remembers patterns and sees what is the most similar

state dependent retrieval

weed high learning wordsscuba diving
Hopfield network

storage: subtracting (forgetting)

1. Random Access Memory (RAM)
2. Content Addressable Memory (CAM)
3. Both- memories further consolidation

RAM

memory slot is deleted/reusedmemory address is lost

CAM

- too many memories- too many similar memories- weights in the network become more random- stimuli are no longer similar enough to memories

Childhood amnesia

adults have few autobiographical memories before 3 years of ageadults have relatively fewer autobiographical memories 3-7 years of age

Childhood amnesia explained

1. autobiographical memories arent formed before 3

Adding storage

remembering short term statistical regularities requires attention

Use Memories

recognize objects as familiarreidentify objectslocate objectsevaluate alternativesmake plans
memory is at the core of cognition

Sources of uncertainty

Perception - car faster than seemedMemory - line upTestimony - articles

probability

the prob of an event is a number btw 0 (impossible) and 1 (necessary)

subjective probabilities

prob that we assign in our reasoning

Bayesian Optimality

optimal approach to cue combination

for discrepant cues

Bayesian Suboptimality - representativeness

When asked the probability that A belongs to a class B

failures that result from representativeness

1. Base rate neglect2. insensitivity to sample size3. Misconceptions of chance4. Insensitivity to predictability5. Misconceptions of progression

Bayesian Suboptimality - availability

When asked the probability of A

failures that result from availability

1. influence of familiarity2. Influence of salience3. Influence of recency4. Influence of ease of search5. Bias of imaginability6. Illusory correlation

metacognition

thinking about thinking
assignments of probability to you own decsions
sat and skipping answer

metacognition - important results

- Often varies independently of accuracy- Overconfidence tends to apply across domains- More information can lead to overconfidence- Expertise can lead to overconfidence- We're bad at predicting which problems we can solve

test for animals metacognition - experimental design

give them 3 choices A B and a middle option which they will get half a reward for
A smell reward - the more dissimilar - some sense how long they will wait
second guessing decisions

2 types of consciousness

phenomenal consciousness and access consciousness

phenomenal consciousness

experiential states

access consciousness

information available for use in reasoning and report

Phenomenal Consciousness without Access Consciousness:

change blindness and visual neglect
london door missing

Visual Neglect

only drawing on right

2 concepts of ConsciousnessPhenomenal Consciousness without Access Consciousness: Visual Neglect

thinks both houses are the same but when forced to pick they will pick the non burning house