Things to Memorize - Chemistry

lattice energy

amount of energy required to convert a mole of ionic solid to its constituent ions in the gas stage

ionic bonding

the electrostatic attraction that holds oppositely charged ions together in an ionic compound; metal and nonmetal

weaker

Intermolecular forces are much __ than intramolecular forces

increase, decreases

Intermolecular forces (van der waals forces) __ as kinetic energy of particles _

dispersion forces

Weakest force; results from instantaneous dipoles that arise from random electron movement in a molecule; found in all molecules

dipole-dipole

Are between molecules with permanent dipoles, or polar covalent molecules

hydrogen bonding; N, O, F

Bond that contains a covalent bond between H and what three elements?

dipole/induced dipole

Bond that occurs between a molecule with a permanent dipole and another molecule without a permanent dipole; weaker than dipole-dipole but stronger than dispersion

ion/dipole

Bond that occurs between an ion and another molecule with a permanent dipole

ion/ion

Bond that occurs between two ions

ion/induced dipole

Bond that occurs between an ion and another molecule without a permanent dipole

strong, higher

__ imfs (strong, weak) = _ melting point/boiling point (higher, lower)

higher, higher

__ molecular weight = _ melting point/boiling point (lower, higher)

higher, higher

__ surface area = _ melting point/boiling point

acid

a substance that produces hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water

polar covalent bonds

Bond where electrons are shared but not equally

Pure covalent bond

Bond where neutral atoms are held together by equally shared electrons

electronegativity

the ability of an atoms in a compound to draw electrons to itself; varies with atomic number

nu = Qxr

dipole moment equation (use nu)

formal charge = valence electrons - associated electrons

formal charge equation

resonance

one of two or more Lewis structures for a single molecule that cannot be represented accurately by only one Lewis structure

electronegative

according to resonance, the most __ get the strongest bond

C, N, O, F, Ne

which elements must obey the octet rule?

trigonal planar

3 electron domains would be called…

tetrahedral

four electron domains would be called…

trigonal bipyramidal

5 electron domains would be called…

octahedral

6 electron domains is called…

120

trigonal planar bond angle

109.5

tetrahedral bond angle

90, 120

trigonal bipyramidal bond angle

90

octahedral bond angle

molecular polarity

When the electronegativities of the two atoms are different, making them polar, it is called:

BO = ½ (bonding - antibonding)

bond order equation

delocalized

when bonds are spread out over the entire molecule

molecular mass

the mass in amu of an individual molecule

empirical formula mass

simplest ratio of elements to one another

molar concentration

the number of moles of solute per liter of solution

L = mol/M

equation of molarity

dilution

the process of preparing a less concentrated solution from a more concentrated one

M1 x L1 = M2 x L2

dilution equation

serial dilution

a series of dilutions that may be used to prepare at of increasingly dilute solutions

paramagnetic

one or more unpaired electrons

diamagnetic

all electrons are paired

+1

period 1 charge

+2

period 2 charge

+3

period 13 charge

+4

period 14 charge

-3

period 15 charge

-2

period 16 charge

-1

period 17 charge

0

period 18 charge

Oxygen (O), Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge), Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb), Tellurium (Te), Astatine (At)

metalloids (list them)

Zeff = z- (sigma)

effective nuclear charge equation

oxoanions

molecules that contain more than one oxygen atom