HUBS 192 - Progress test 1

Cutaneous layer

Cutaneous layer

made up of the epidermis and the dermis

Sub-cutaneous layer

made up of the hypodermis

Epidermis make up

epithelial tissue, mostly keratinocytes, no blood supply, 4 layers in thin skin and 5 layers in thick skin

Stratum Corneum

outer layer of epidermis made up of dried dead cells

Stratum Lucidum

only found in thick skin and is predominantly dead cells as located above the stratum granulosum

Stratum granulosum

cells release granuals that dehydrate cells before they reach the stratum corneum, keratin cross linking present for strength

Stratum Spinosum

where cells beginning flattening, large amounts of desmosomes for intercellular linking

Stratum Basale

columnar regenerative stem cells. hemi-desmosomes link the epidermis and dermis

Dermis

middle layer that does not shed as made of living cells. made of 2 vascular layers

Papillary layer

highly vascular for providing nutrients to the epidermis

Reticular layer

mesh layer of collagen and elastin for strength

Cutaneous plexus

collection of blood vessels between the dermis and hypodermis

sub-papillary plexus

branches off the cutaneous plexus deep into the dermis

Hypodermis

mostly adipocytes producing subcutaneous fat, energy reserves and insulation

1st degree burn

outer layer of epidermis, red dry sore skin, 3-10 days healing

normal 2nd degree burn

epidermis and some dermis, blistering, 1-2 week heal time

deep 2nd degree burn

white waxy patches, hair follicles and sweat glands remain, temp loss of sensation, 1 month heal time

3rd degree burn

Complete burn through to the bone, hard dry leathery skin even after healing, permanent nerve damage, up to years to heal

Hair shaft

hair exiting the cell made of dead keratanized cells

Hair follicle

embedded in the skin made of living cells

Erector pilli muscle

contract pulling the hair shaft upright trapping air for insulation and creating goose bumps

root hair plexus

collection of nerve endings at the base of the hair follicle for sensation and controlling the erector pilli muscle

Sebaceous gland

creates sebum for nourishing and moisturising the skin surface and hair shaft

eccrine gland

found nearly everywhere, water secretion for thermoregulation through evaporation. secreted directly onto skin

apocrine gland

armpits, groin, and nipples. sticky oily secretion with an odour. secreted into hair shaft for transportation. hormonal

skin aging

thinning epidermis and dermis. reduced secreations. decreased blood flow. decreased pigmentation

tobacco and skin

accelerates skin aging, cancers, poor healing

melanin

yellowish brown skin pigment. varies over time and throughout the body

melanocyte

found in the stratum basale and produces melanin

melanosome

transports melanin throughout the epidermis

mole

sun exposure leading to overproduction of melanocytes

freckle

sun exposure leading to over production of melanosomes, can shed

distribution of pigmentation

darker pigmentation closer to the equator due to increased sun exposure

vitamin D

UV exposure required for production, lifts mood, involved in calcium production

Vitamin D deficiency

in infants leads to Ricketts, greater pigmentation makes you more susceptible

Basal cell carcinoma

effects stratum basale, common and usually benign

Malignant melanoma

rare, highly metastasising, thicker the tumour the lower the treat ability and survival rates

tattoos

ink deposited in dermis and encapsulated by immune cells

Fibrous pericardium

Connective tissue layer around the pericardium

pericardial cavity

filled with pericardial fluid to prevent abrasions, shares visceral pericardium with the epicardium

epicardium

outer layer of heart wall, made of adipose tissue, FCT, blood vessels, and shares the visceral pericardium with the pericardium

Myocardium

made up of cardiac muscle, middle layer of the heart wall

Endocardium

innermost layer, thin layer of endothelium, FCT, small blood vessels, and purkinje fibers

Heart wall thickness

left side is 3x thicker than right as has to pump blood w greater force to reach exteremities

Veins

drainage system of low pressure low velocity blood that can be superficial or deep

Lymphatics

drainage for the fluid that leaves the blood

Arteries

supply blood to the body, either located deep or on flexor side, high velocity high pressure blood flow

pulmonary cicuit

pumps blood from the heart to the lungs and back

systemic circuit

pumps blood around the body and back to the heart

Lymphatic vascular circuit

one way drainage system to return lost fluid to the blood system

blood vascular circuit

closed loop system supplying and draining blood around the body

capillary

waste and nutrient exchange vessel

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

prevent flow from the ventricle to the atria. tricuspid on the right and bicuspid/mitral on the left

Semilunar valve

prevents back flow from the artery to the ventricle. on the right is the pulmonary valve and on the left is the aortic valve

how is AV valve tension created

papillary muscles and chordae tendinae prevent cusps folding back

supply and drainage vessel of the right chambers

right coronary artery and the small cardiac vein

supply and drainage vessel of the left chambers

left coronary artery and the great cardiac vein

where does the small and great cardiac vein drain into

the coronary sinus

cardiac muscle

striated, highly vascular, short branched cells with 1 or 2 nuclei and many mitochondria, only function to keep heart beating

intercalated disks (ICD)

made of an adhesion belt, desmosomes, and gap junctions

keeps cells together and allows for communication and physical contraction coupling

arteries from the heart to the feet

common iliac artery

external iliac artery

femoral artery

popliteal artery

posterior tibial artery

plantar arch

feet to heart

plantar venous arch

posterior tibial vein

popliteal vein

femoral vein

external iliac vein

common iliac vein

inferior vena cava

Tunica intima

innermost layer of the blood vessels wall, made of the endothelium, sub-endothelium, and the internal elastic lamina (IEL)

Tunica media

thickest layer in arteries made up of smooth muscles and various amounts of connective tissue, thickness is proportional to the diameter and the blood pressure

elastic arteries

large amount of connective tissue in tunica media to decrease effects of pulsation from the heart phases

muscular arteries

tunica media has small amounts of connective tissue, mainly smooth muscle

tunica externa

outermost layer of the blood vessel walls, made of connective tissue, blood vessels called vasa vasorum, as well as lymphatics and nerves. thickest layer in a vein

neurovascular bundels

group of nerves, veins, and arteries

varicose veins

blood pooling due to faulty vein valves

features of a vein

low pressure so to prevent backflow have vein valves, capacitance vessels so can expand to hold more volume

continuous capillaries

tight junctions, not leaky continuous cellular membrane and basement membrane

fenestrated capillaries

porous walls making it slightly leaky, complete basement membrane

sinusoidal capillaries

large capillaries with large pores (smaller than a blood cell) incomplete basement membrane

where does fat from the small intestine drain

into the lymphatic system via the cisterna chyli

lymph from the right upper body

drains into the right lymphatic duct and reenters the blood through the right subclavian vein

lymph from the left upper body and full lower body

drains into the thoracic duct and reenters the blood through the left subclavian vein

flow of lymph through lymph nodes

afferent enters bathes the lymph cells and efferent exits

Systole

rising pressure, contraction

Diastole

decreasing pressure, relaxation, majority of teh cycle spent here

pulse pressure

difference between systolic (max) and diastolic (min) blood pressures

Cause of pulse sounds

closing of valves lub when AV closes and dupp when semilunar closes

brief heart cycle

atrial contraction then ventricular contraction, both sides of heart synchronised

lymph from the left upper body and full lower body

drains into the thoracic duct and reenters the blood stream at the left subclavian vein

Lymph nodes

afferent enters bathing the cells and efferent exits

systole

rising pressure, contraction

diastole

lowering pressure, relaxation

brief heart cycle

atrium then ventricle, both sides of heart synchronised