Intro into Applied health Science test #4

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major components of physical fitness

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major components of physical fitness

cardiorespiratory endurance muscular endurance muscular strength body composition flexibility

cardiorespiratory endurance

the ability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to supply oxygen during sustained physical activity

body composition

amount of muscle, fat, bone, and other vital parts of the body

muscular strength

the ability of a muscle to exert force

muscular endurance

the ability of muscle to continue to perform without fatigue, and the ability to recover

flexibility

the range of motion available at a joint

glucose

high intensity uses more

fat

recovery uses more

maximal lactate steady state

max level of intensity without muscle fatigue

crossover point

the point where energy systems switch from fat to glucose

type I

slow oxidative fibers

type IIa

fast oxidative glycolytic fibers

type IIb

fast-twitch glycolytic fibers

mitochondria

oxidative metabolism occurs in the

cytoplasm

glycolysis occurs in the

genetically

ratio of muscle fibers is ___________ determined

anabolism

grow tissue

catabolism

lose tissue

diameter

changing ________ of muscle fibers not amount of muscle fibers

contraction

when tension is developed in a muscle as a result of a stimulus

isometric

contraction in a muscle that just causes tension no change in length (no movement)

isotonic

tension with shortening or lengthening of the muscle (movement)

concentric

muscle shortens (causes movement)

eccentric

muscle lengthens (controls movement)

agonist

muscle that causes joint motion (primary mover)

antagonist

muscle that relaxes to allow joint motion, located opposite from the agonist

homeostasis

the ability of the body to maintain a relative constant internal environment despite ever-changing external environment

gerontology

the branch of science that investigates the aging process and tries to identify and control the variables that lead to functional decline

chronological age

how old you are in years

biological age

certain aspects of aging are under an individuals control (physiological age)

apoptosis

programmed cell death

integumentary system

skin thins, decrease in collagen and elastin reduction in nerve centers lost ability to control body temperature

skeletal system

osteoclast activity outpaces osteoblast activity leading to osteoporosis increased risk of osteoarthritis reduction in calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D

muscular system

type I fibers: number of blood vessels, myoglobin, and mitochondria diminish type II fibers: function decreases

regulatory systems

regulate all other body systems loss of neurons over time reduction in responsiveness to hormones less effective immune system irregular sleep patterns

cardiovascular system

remove carbon dioxide, add oxygen increase in atherosclerosis blood vessels stiffen reduced capillaries increased edema heart stiffens causing increase in systolic blood pressure

respiratory system

lung capacity decreases elastic turns to collagen

digestive system

converts food into energy and gets rid of waste biggest effect is on teeth medications absorption of nutrients diminishes

immune/lymphatic systems

increased risk of infection and decreased ability to fight infection slower wound healing higher rates of tumor development

urinary system

kidneys become less effective bladder loses elasticity

reproductive system

changes in estrogen levels

isokinetic

isotonic contractions under controlled resistance

precautions during exercise

inability to regulate body temperature loss of range of motion decrease in lean tissue loss of balance loss of cardiorespiratory functioning barriers to exercise

sarcopenia

decrease in lean tissue

behavior

anything an organism /living being does, thinks, or feels

changing

_________ behavior is a multidimensional aspect of what we do

transtheoretical model

change does not occur all at once (lengthy process) ~decisional balance ~stages of change ~processes of change ~self-efficacy

stages of change

change is slow, each behavior goes through a cycle 5 steps

precontemplation

stage 1 of change I can't/I won't 6 months from change