CS 3001 Exam 2 Study Guide

CS 3001 Exam 2 Study Guide

Trademark

Any word, name, symbol, or device used to identify the source of goods and distinguish them from the goods of others. Its main purpose is to prevent consumer confusion.

Genericization (Genericide)

The "death" of a trademark that happens when a brand name becomes the common, everyday term for a product, losing its association with a specific source.

Copyright

A legal right that protects original works of authorship (like books, music, or software) that are fixed in a tangible medium. It gives the creator exclusive rights to copy, distribute, and make derivative works.

What IS Protected by Copyright?

Literary works, musical works, dramatic works, software (source code and object code), and screen displays (the specific layout and art of a UI).

What is NOT Protected by Copyright?

Ideas, facts, systems or methods of operation (e.g., the QWERTY keyboard layout), names, titles, or short phrases.

Patent

A right granted by the government to an inventor for a limited time (usually 20 years) to exclude others from making, using, or selling the invention.

What Can Be Patented?

A process (e.g., a specific software algorithm), a machine, a manufactured item, or a composition of matter (e.g., a new pharmaceutical drug).

Advantages of Patent

Protects the idea itself (unlike copyright), offers the strongest protection (a "monopoly"), and stops independent creation of the same invention.

Disadvantages of Patent (Compared to Trade Secret)

Requires full public disclosure of the invention, is expensive and slow to obtain, and has a limited time (usually 20 years) before entering the public domain.

Reporting Bias

Data is skewed because people don't report all outcomes (e.g., book reviews are strongly positive or negative, not neutral).

Automation Bias

People tend to believe results from an algorithm more, even if they are wrong, simply because it came from a "computer."

Selection Bias

The data selected is not representative of the real world.

Coverage Bias

A type of selection bias where data is not selected in a representative way (e.g., training on surveys that exclude competitors' products).

Non-response Bias

A type of selection bias where the people who respond to a survey are inherently different from those who don't.

Sampling Bias

A type of selection bias where data is not randomly selected (e.g., using the first 200 email responses instead of a random sample).

Group Attribution Bias

Stereotyping based on group affiliation.

In-group Bias

A type of group attribution bias favoring people who are "like you" (e.g., a hiring manager favoring a grad from their own university).

Out-group Homogeneity Bias

A type of group attribution bias; the tendency to see people not in your group as all being the same.

Implicit Bias

Assumptions based on your own cultural experiences that don't hold true for everyone (e.g., assuming a head shake means "no" in all cultures).

Confirmation Bias

Unconsciously looking for data or results that affirm your existing beliefs.

Experimenter's Bias

The tendency to keep refining a model or experiment until it gives the answer you expected to find.

AI in Justice (The Problem)

Training data (like historical arrest records) is already biased due to past racist practices, leading to "garbage in, garbage out."

AI in Justice (The Consequence)

The AI learns from biased data and reinforces the status quo, creating feedback loops (e.g., predictive policing) that lead to unfair judicial outcomes.

Net Neutrality

The principle that Internet Service Providers (ISPs) should enable access to all content and applications regardless of the source, and without favoring or blocking particular products or websites.

Zero-Rating

A practice where an ISP does not count data from a specific service (like Facebook or a music app) against a user's data cap.

Why Zero-Rating is a Net Neutrality Issue

It is a clear violation because the ISP is "favoring" the zero-rated service over its competitors, giving it an unfair advantage.

The Free Market Approach (Net Neutrality)

The argument that competition between ISPs is the best way to solve problems and that government regulation stifles innovation.

The Consumer Protection Approach (Net Neutrality)

The argument that the internet is a public utility (like water or electricity) and requires government regulation to protect consumers from unfair practices, especially as most consumers lack choice in ISP (a natural monopoly).

The "Job Loss" Pathway (Automation)

The direct and obvious effect of automation eliminating specific jobs (e.g., a robo-pharmacist replaces a human pharmacist).

The "Job Creation" Pathway (Automation)

Automation reduces product prices, which (1) increases demand for that product and (2) increases consumers' real incomes, allowing them to demand other products, creating new jobs in both areas.

Globalization

The process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide; the phenomenon of the "world shrinking."

Key Enabler of Globalization (Example)

The Shipping Container, which allowed for complex global supply chains like the "Planet Money T-Shirt."

Advantages of Globalization

Greater variety of goods for consumers, lower prices for goods, and allows companies to find workers with the right skills (and lower wages).

Disadvantages of Globalization (For Developing Nations)

Foreign workers are often hurt (e.g., by US farm subsidies), workers may not be allowed to unionize, and jobs follow poverty, leading to a "race to the bottom" for the cheapest labor.

Disadvantages of Globalization (For Developed Nations)

Forces domestic workers to compete with lower-wage foreign workers and may lead to job losses in domestic manufactu