Contraception and Human Development Study Guide

This set of flashcards covers essential terms and concepts related to contraception, sexual health, human development, and genetics as outlined in the KIN 371 exam study guide.

Birth Control

Any method, device, behavior, or procedure that prevents the birth of a child.

Perfect Use

The effectiveness of a contraceptive method when used correctly every time.

Typical Use

Effectiveness of a contraceptive method in real-life conditions, where errors may occur.

Natural Methods

Contraceptive methods relying on behavior and awareness, with no hormones or surgery.

Abstinence

Complete avoidance of sexual intercourse; 100% effective in preventing pregnancy.

Withdrawal

Method where the male withdraws before ejaculation to prevent sperm from entering the vagina.

Rhythm Method

Fertility awareness technique estimating fertile window based on menstrual cycle.

Ferning

Crystal-like pattern in cervical mucus under a microscope indicating high estrogen.

Basal Body Temperature (BBT)

Temperature upon awakening; rises slightly after ovulation due to progesterone.

Mechanical Methods

Barrier methods preventing sperm from reaching the oocyte.

Tubal Ligation

Surgical method where fallopian tubes are cut or sealed to prevent pregnancy.

Vasectomy

Surgical method where the vas deferens is cut and sealed to prevent sperm in ejaculate.

Hormonal Contraception

Methods using synthetic hormones to prevent ovulation and make implantation unlikely.

Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill

Contains estrogen and progestin to prevent ovulation; highly effective with perfect use.

HIV

Human Immunodeficiency Virus that infects CD4 T-helper cells and macrophages.

AIDS

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, diagnosed when CD4 T-cell count is below 200 or with specific opportunistic infections.

Penetrance

Percentage of individuals with a particular genotype displaying the expected phenotype.

Expressivity

Extent to which a particular allele is expressed among individuals with that allele.

Teratogens

Substances causing developmental abnormalities when exposure occurs during pregnancy.

Punnett Squares

Tools to predict probabilities of offspring genotypes and phenotypes based on parental genotypes.

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Expected distribution of genotypes in a large, randomly mating population under no evolutionary forces.

Alleles

Different versions or forms of a gene, inherited from each parent.

Dominant Allele

An allele whose phenotype is expressed in the presence of another allele.

Recessive Allele

An allele whose phenotype is expressed only when two copies are present.

Incomplete Dominance

Phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate between phenotypes of homozygous individuals.

Codominance

Both alleles in a heterozygote are fully expressed in the phenotype.

Sex-linked Inheritance

Inheritance of traits determined by genes on the sex chromosomes.

Genotype

The complete set of genes in an individual, encompassing all genetic information.

Phenotype

The observable characteristics of an individual resulting from genotype and environment.

Chromosomes

Structures that house genes and ensure their accurate replication and distribution.

Gastrulation

The process where the inner cell mass is reorganized into three distinct germ layers.

Ectoderm

The outer germ layer that forms structures like the epidermis and nervous system.

Endoderm

The germ layer that forms the epithelial lining of the digestive and respiratory systems.

Mesoderm

The germ layer that forms muscles, bones, connective tissues, and the cardiovascular system.

Amniotic Cavity

Fluid-filled chamber that surrounds and cushions the developing embryo/fetus.

Human Genome Project

An initiative to sequence the entire human genome and identify all genes.

Sickle Cell Trait

An example of incomplete dominance, where heterozygotes may show mild symptoms under some conditions.

Antiretroviral Therapy

Medication targeting different parts of the HIV life cycle to manage infection.

Dilation Stage

Stage of labor when contractions start and the cervix begins to dilate.

Expulsion Stage

Stage of labor when the fetus is pushed through the cervix and vagina for delivery.

Placental Stage

Stage after delivery of the baby where the placenta and fetal membranes are expelled.

Multiple Births

Twins or higher-order multiples arising from multiple oocytes or splitting of embryonic cells.

Conjoined Twins

Twins that remain physically connected due to incomplete separation of the inner cell mass.

Autosomes

The 22 pairs of chromosomes in humans that are not sex chromosomes.

Sex Chromosomes

The pair of chromosomes that determine biological sex: XX for female and XY for male.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

A viral infection causing genital warts and the leading cause of cervical cancer.

Gonorrhea

Bacterial infection affecting mucous membranes, often asymptomatic in females.

Chlamydia

Most prevalent STI, often asymptomatic, causing pelvic inflammatory disease in women.

Syphilis

Bacterial infection progressing through stages, with serious complications if untreated.

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)

Virus causing oral and genital herpes, with potential asymptomatic transmission.

Ectoparasites

Organisms like pubic lice and scabies that infest the skin and require topical treatments.

CD4 T-helper Cells

A type of immune cell targeted and destroyed by HIV.

Oocyte Activation

The process triggered by sperm fusion, leading to completion of meiosis II.

Monospermy

The process where only one sperm successfully fuses with an oocyte.

Chorion

Extraembryonic membrane contributing to the placenta, formed by mesoderm and trophoblast cells.

Functional Zone

The region of the endometrium where the blastocyst is fully enveloped during implantation.

Embryonic Disc

Three-layered structure formed during gastrulation that will develop into the embryo.

Placenta's Endocrine Role

Secretes hormones like hCG and HPL, essential for maintaining pregnancy.

Maternal Adaptations

Changes in the mother's body to support fetal development during pregnancy.

C-Section

Surgical delivery method used if complications arise during childbirth.

Episiotomy

Surgical cut in the perineum performed during delivery to facilitate birth.

Breech Birth

Abnormal delivery position where the fetus's legs or buttocks enter the vaginal canal first.

Fraternal Twins

Twins resulting from two separately fertilized oocytes.

Identical Twins

Twins resulting from the division of a single fertilized oocyte.

Amniotic Fluid

Fluid in the amniotic cavity that cushions and protects the developing fetus.

Chorionic Villi

Fingerlike projections of the chorion that extend into the endometrium and form part of the placenta.

Vas Deferens

The tube that carries sperm from the testes to the ejaculatory duct; cut in a vasectomy.

Ectoparasitic Infestation

Conditions caused by parasites like lice and mites, requiring topical treatment.

Progestin

Synthetic form of progesterone used in hormonal contraceptives.

Fetus

The developing human from the ninth week until birth.

Zygote

The fertilized ovum that results from the fusion of sperm and oocyte.

Germ Layers

Three layers formed during early embryonic development: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm.

Cell Division

Process where a single cell divides into two or more cells, essential for development.

Embryological Development

Events occurring during the first two months after fertilization.

Prenatal Development

The period from fertilization to birth, encompassing both embryological and fetal stages.

Spleen

An organ involved in filtering blood and immune response, among others.

Amnion

Membrane formed from the inner cell mass, surrounding the amniotic cavity.

Sperm Capacitation

Maturation process of sperm that enables them to fertilize an oocyte.

D&C Procedure

Dilation and curettage; a surgical procedure often used for abortive methods.

Prostaglandins

Hormones that can induce labor and are involved in various reproductive processes.

Fertile Window

The days in a woman's menstrual cycle when pregnancy is most likely to occur.

Secondary Oocyte

Oocyte released from the ovary at ovulation, suspended in meiosis II until fertilized.

Acrosomal Cap

The part of the sperm containing enzymes necessary for penetrating the oocyte.

Hyaluronidase

An enzyme released by sperm that helps digest barriers around the oocyte.

Zona Pellucida

A glycoprotein layer surrounding the oocyte, penetrated during fertilization.

Blastocyst

The hollow ball of cells formed during early embryonic development before implantation.

Cellular Trophoblast Layer

Inner layer of trophoblast cells contributing to the placenta and embryo.

Syncytial Trophoblast

Multinucleated layer formed from trophoblast cells that invades the endometrium.

Functional Zone

Region of the endometrium where the blastocyst is implanted.

Infertility

Inability to conceive after one year of unprotected sexual intercourse.

Fetal Heartbeat

The first detectable heartbeat, usually observed around 6 weeks of gestation.

Preterm Birth

Birth that occurs before 37 weeks of gestation.

Neonatal Period

The first 28 days after birth, crucial for infant care and development.

Trisomy 21

Also known as Down syndrome; caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.

Mitosis

The type of cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells.

Meiosis

The cell division process that generates gametes, reducing the chromosome number by half.

Infant Reflexes

Automatic responses in infants that aid survival, such as the grasp reflex.

Gestational Age

Age of a fetus or infant calculated from the first day of the last menstrual period.

Labor Stages

Three stages of labor: dilation, expulsion, and placental stage.

Oxytocin

Hormone released during labor that stimulates uterine contractions.