Карточки Philosophy 2320 1st Exam Review? | Quizlet

Fallacies

Strawman: Misrepresenting opponents views so they can be dismissed

Begging the question: Where you must accept the truth of the conclusion in order to accept the premises

Domino: Arguing that if we allow one thing to happen more severe events will occur as well

Line Drawing: Rejecting a vague claim because is not as precise as we would like

Equivocation: When an argument has ambiguous words or phrases with the intent to shift meaning of them

In order to be necessary?

In order to be Sufficient?

To be necessary ask "must you have part A have to have part B" (if yes, then necessary)

Is having A enough to have part B (if yes sufficient)

Define ethical relativism

This theory claims that some moral rules are really true and these true moral rules help determine which ones are false but it depends on societies or the individual. It contains two kinds which are: cultural relativism and individual relativism.

Four advantages of ethical relativism? (two for exam)

1) Explain why morality is made for humans.

2) explains possibility for moral knowledge

3) Provides a straightforward scientifically respectable account of morality

4) Denies that the moral code of a single individual or society is superior to that of another

Four objections to ethical relativism? (recognize for exam)

1) View entails that you are morally infallible (always correct)

2) All moral claims are equally plausible

3) Entail contradictions

4) Cannot account for moral disagreement

Define Moral Nihilism

This theory claims there are no moral truths at all and has two kinds: Error theory and expressivism.

Define error theory

This theory (defended by Mackie) claims there are no objective values, no categorical reasons to act, and claims that moral judgements are always mistaken. Has 3 main claims: No moral features, no moral judgment are true/there are none, and moral judgements try and fail to describe the moral feature of things.

What are the objections to error theory?

1) Argument from queerness is false

2) The theory strongly conflicts with our common sense view of the world

Define expressivism

This theory claims there are no moral features, no moral judgements true, and no moral knowledge. Explains that you are venting your emotions when speaking about topics that claim to have morality, commanding others to behave a certain way.

Three objections to expressivism (recognize for exam)

1) Can't explain how arguments about morality are possible

2) Cannot explain amoralist

3) Cannot explain the common sense view that our moral beliefs are true or false

What is the theory that Mackie defends?

Error theory

What is the argument from relativity?

Claims that there are variations in moral codes from society to society and individual and the reason for disagreements is because of how people feel and the way the go through life

What is the argument from queerness?

Claims that if moral values did exist they would be completely different from everything in the universe.