HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY SEMESTER 1 HELP GUIDE

Dorsal

Back

Ventral

Front

Anterior

Front end

Posterior

Back end

Superior

toward head

inferior

away from head

medial

toward midline

laterial

away from midline

proximal

close to origin/pt

distal

farther from orgin/pt

superficial

towards surface

deep

away from surface

The femoral region is _____ to the crural region

proximal

the hypogastric region is____ to the umbilical region

inferior

the heart is ____ to the diaphragm

superior

which type of section separates ventral from dorsal

coronal

a surgeon asked the surgical technician to help create an opening in the chest during open heart surgery along a plane that equally separated the right and left halves of the thoracic cavity. This section is known as

saggital section

The part of homeostasis control system that provides the control centers response is called the

effector

The result of the effect is to shut off the original_____ or reduce it’s an intensity during the negative feedback mechanism to restore homeostasis

stimulus

A- right hypochondriac region

B- right lumbar region

C- right iliac region

which of these regions is not associated with the ventral (anterior) portion of the head?

occipital

skeletal system

bones, ligaments, and cartilage

muscular system

skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles

the nose is ____ to the ears

medial

The olecranon is _____ to the carpal

proximal

The antecubital region is _____ to the elbow

anterior

the knee is ____ to the thigh

distal

The occipital region is_____ to the nasal region

posterior

The tarsal region is _____ to the femoral region

distal

The cervical region is______ to the thoracic region

superior

the type of muscle found in the walls of hallow organs, such as the stomach, and in the walls of blood vessels

smooth

Striated and Voluntary

Skeletal muscle tissue

Striated and Involentary

cardiac muscle tissue

Intercalated discs between cells

Cardiac muscle tissuee

most suited more rapid diffusion

simple squamous

lines the walls of the bladder and capable of stretching

transitional

best suited for areas that are subject to friction

stratified squamous

Bone is best described as ____

ossepous tissue

Which type of tissue is situated in the lining of the urinary bladder and urethra where stretching occurs

Transitional

cardiac muscle tissue (picture)

Which of these characteristics best describes cardiac muscle tissue?

movement is involentary and cell’s striated

Many layers of flattened cells should be termed ________ epithelial tissue

stratified squamous

Identify the type of connective tissue that is found in the spleen

reticular

makes up the intervertebral discs

fibrocartilage

forms your hip bone

osseous

tendons and ligaments

dense regular

appears glassy and smooth

hyaline cartilage

Type of tissue that consists of living cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix

connective tissue

Type of tissue that is specialized to CONTRACT and produce movement

muscle tissue

Type of tissue that is found in the brain and spinal cord

nervous tissue

Type of tissue that can be described as voluntary or involuntary.

muscle tissue

Type of tissue that contains collagen, elastic, or reticular fibers

connective tissue

Type of tissue that is common in glands and their ducts, linings, and coverings of the body. 

epithelial tissue

Type of tissue that supports, protects, and binds tissues together

connective tissue

Type of tissue that is the most abundant and diverseType of tissue that is the most abundant and diverse

connective tissue

1. Alexis tore her Achilles (calcaneal) tendon during a recent track meet. She has injured ________.

dense regular connective tissue

neurotransmitters, and neurotransmitter receptors

Put the following in order for the pathway of a nerve impulse

1. stimulus happens

2. sensory neurons

3. CNS

4. motor neurons

5. effector

6. response happens

What are the 2 structural divisions of the entire nervous system

CNS and PNS

Put the steps of the action potential being created in order.

Put in order the steps of neurotrassmision across a synapse

1. action potential reaches the axon terminal, the electrical charge opens calcium channels

2. calcium enters and, in turn, causes the synaptic vesicles containing the neurotransmitters to fuse with the axon membrane

3. porelike openings form, releasing the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft

4. The neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the membrane of the next neuron

5. f enough neurotransmitter is released, a graded potential will be generated and eventually an action potential (nerve impulse) will occur in the neuron beyond the synapse

6. the neurotransmitter is quickly removed from the synapse either by reuptake or by enzymatic activity

1. During the resting state, a neuron is ________.

polarized with more sodium ions outside the cell and more potassium ions inside the cell

1. An action potential (nerve impulse) is caused by an influx of these ions into the cell ________.

sodium

1. Which one of the following is the correct sequence of events that correlates to the sequence of events of a nerve impulse?

            1. the membrane becomes depolarized

            2. sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward

            3. the membrane becomes repolarized

            4. potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse (passively) outward 

2,1,4,3

Which of the following is the correct sequence in neurotransmitter signaling

Action potential → Neurotransmitter release → Receptor binding

During an action potential, which of the following occurs

Sodium ions flow into the neuron followed by potassium ions flowing out

All of the following are components of a chemical synapse EXCEPT

Myelin sheath

Which of the following represents the correct pathway of spinal reflexes

Sensory neuron → Interneuron → Motor neuron → Muscle

Neurotransmitters are typically stored in

synaptic vesicles

During the repolarization phase of an action potential, which of the following occurs

Sodium channels close and potassium channels open

The sodium-potassium pump (Na⁺/K⁺) contributes to the resting membrane potential by

Pumping three Na⁺ ions out of the cell and two K⁺ ions into the cell

What ion channel is primarily responsible for the initial depolarization during an action potential?

sodium channels

An action potential reaches the axon terminal. What is the next step in neurotransmission?

calcium ions enter the presynaptic terminal

Which of the following best describes the synaptic cleft

The gap between a presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron

Which of the following is NOT a type of neuroglia in the central nervous system?

Scwann cells

optic nerve, optich chaisma, occiptial lobe

pink: motor cortex

between pink and purple: central sulcus

purple: sensory cortex

orange: temporal lobe

green: occipital lobe

between pink and orange: brochaes area

Which cranial nerves control eye movement?

cranial nerve III, IV, VI

2. retina 4. choroid

1. olfactory

2. optic

3. ocularmotor

4. trochlear

5. trigmenal

6. abducens

7. facial

8. vestibulacholear

9. gloss o pharyngeal

10. vagus

11. accesory

12. hypogolssal

1 pineal gland 4 hypothalamus

8 fourth ventricle 9 spinal cord

10 medulla oblongata

12 midbrain 14 optic chaisma

2 fat 3 eye muscle

The brain and spinal cord are protected and cushioned by three connective tissue membranes that are collectively called ________.

meninges

corpus callosum

large nerve fiber tract that allows communication between 2 cerebral hemispheres

parietal lobe of cerebrum

houses the primary somatic sensory cortex

diencephalon

composed of thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

frontal lobe of cerebrum

houses the primary motor cortex

brainstem

composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

cerebellum

responsible for muscle coordination and balance

ventricles

cavities where cerebrospinal fluid is formed and is housed

thalamus

relay station for sensory impulses traveling to sensory cortex of cerebrum

limbic system

the emotional-visceral center of the brain

medulla oblongata

responsible for heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, and vomiting

pons

rounded protrusion just below midbrain that includes nuclei invovled in control of breathing; "bridge"

2 sclera 3 retina 4 iris 5 cornea 6 choroid 7 fovea centralisis 9 pupil

10 aquaous humor 11 ciliary body

12 zonules (suspensory ligaments) 13 viterous humor

Which cranial nerve descends into the thoracic and abdominal cavities to regulate heart rate and promote digestive activity?

vagus

The only pair of cranial nerves to extend to the thoracic and abdominal cavities is the ________ nerves.

Vagus

Which system produces chemical messengers known as hormones?

endocrine