industrialization and imperialism

the agricultural revolutuon

was a period characterized by significant advancements in farming techniques and practices, leading to increased crop yields and the rise of surplus food production, which facilitated urbanization and the Industrial Revolution.

the industrial revolution

was a transformative period during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, marked by the shift from agrarian economies to industrialized processes, characterized by the rise of factories, mechanization, and mass production.

the causes of the industrial revolution

included technological innovations, access to resources, and changes in agricultural practices that led to economic growth and population shifts.

steam engine

is an invention that harnesses the power of steam to drive machinery and played a crucial role in advancing industrial processes during the Industrial Revolution.

railroads

are transportation systems that use trains running on tracks, facilitating the movement of goods and people over long distances, which significantly contributed to industrial growth and expansion during the Industrial Revolution.

define capitilism

an economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production, investment for profit, and market-driven production and pricing.

positive effects of the industrial revolution

include increased production efficiency, the rise of cities, improved living standards, and advancements in technology and transportation.

negative effects of the industrial revoltution

include poor working conditions, environmental pollution, urban overcrowding, and social inequality.

define (new) imperialism

a policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, military force, or other means, prevalent in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

the opium wars

were conflicts between China and Western powers, primarily Britain, over the trade of opium, leading to significant territorial and economic concessions for the British.

economic imperialism

a form of imperialism where a country exerts control over another nation's economy through investment, trade, and business influence.

results of the opium wars

The results of the Opium Wars included the Treaty of Nanking, which ceded Hong Kong to Britain, opened several ports to British trade, and established extraterritorial rights for British citizens in China, significantly weakening China's sovereignty.

the Taiping rebellion

a massive civil war in China that lasted from 1850 to 1864, led by Hong Xiuquan against the Qing Dynasty, resulting in millions of deaths and significant social upheaval.

extraterritorial rights

legal privileges granted to foreign nationals allowing them to be tried in their own country's courts rather than local ones.

spheres of influence

areas in China where foreign powers had exclusive trading rights and control over local affairs.

the boxer rebellion

an anti-foreign uprising in China from 1899 to 1901, led by the "Boxers" who opposed foreign influence and Christian missionary efforts.

long term impacts of imperialism on china (economic,social and political)

The long-term impacts of imperialism on China include significant economic exploitation, social disruption from foreign influence, and political turmoil that weakened traditional governance, leading to eventual revolution and reform.

industrialization of japan

Japan's rapid transformation into a modern industrial power during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, fueled by Western technology and practices.

meiji restoration

a period of rapid modernization and industrialization in Japan from 1868, restoring imperial rule and implementing reforms based on Western models.

long term impacts of industrialization on Japan (economic, social and political)

The long-term impacts of industrialization on Japan include economic growth and increased global trade, social change with urban migration, and significant political reforms that established a more centralized government and military power.

the scramble for africa

The rapid invasion, colonization, and annexation of African territory by European powers during the late 19th century, driven by the desire for resources and strategic advantage.

why Europeans completed for territory in africa

European powers competed for territory in Africa due to economic interests in acquiring resources, expanding strategic territories, and enhancing their global influence during the age of imperialism.

why Europeans felt that they could colonize African territories

European powers believed they could colonize African territories due to a sense of racial and cultural superiority, the belief in their civilizing mission, and the desire to exploit Africa's vast natural resources.

the Berlin conference

A meeting of European powers in 1884-1885 to establish rules for the colonization of Africa, aiming to prevent conflict among them.

explain how ethiopia was able to withstand European attacks

Ethiopia successfully resisted European colonization due to its strategic military tactics, strong leadership under Emperor Menelik II, and the advantage of advanced weaponry, notably during the Battle of Adwa in 1896.

explain the impacts of imperialism in africa (politically, economically and culturally)

Imperialism in Africa led to significant political domination by European powers, economic exploitation of resources, and cultural changes resulting from the imposition of foreign values and systems. It also caused social disruption and resistance movements within African societies.

how Egypt experienced industrialization

Egypt experienced industrialization through the establishment of modern industries, improvements in infrastructure, and foreign investments, transforming its economy and society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

how Egypt experienced imperialism

Egypt experienced imperialism primarily through British control starting in the late 19th century, leading to political domination, economic exploitation, and social reforms that introduced European influences while igniting nationalist sentiments.

the ottoman empire

A historical empire that spanned Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa, known for its political and cultural diversity and influence over trade routes during its peak.

the Mughal empire

A prominent empire in South Asia that ruled much of India from the early 16th to the mid-19th century, known for its cultural achievements, architectural landmarks, and significant influence on trade.

india becoming a british colony

India became a British colony primarily through military conquest and political treaties during the 18th and 19th centuries, leading to direct British rule after the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857. This period was marked by economic exploitation, infrastructural development, and significant social changes.

british east India company

A trading corporation that played a key role in the expansion of British trade and territorial control in India during the 17th to 19th centuries. It effectively governed large areas of India prior to direct British rule.

why was India called britain’s jewel in the crown

India was referred to as Britain's "jewel in the crown" because of its significant economic value to the British Empire, providing extensive resources, raw materials, and markets that greatly benefitted British industry and trade.

the sepoy mutiny

A major uprising against British rule in India in 1857, sparked by cultural and religious insensitivity. It marked a significant and violent rebellion that led to the end of the British East India Company's control and the establishment of direct British governance.

causes of the sepoy mutiny

Various grievances including cultural insensitivity, the introduction of new rifle cartridges that contradicted religious beliefs, and a lack of respect for local customs contributed to the uprising.

results of the sepoy mutiny

The sepoy mutiny resulted in the dissolution of the British East India Company, a shift to direct British rule over India, and significant changes in British policies towards Indian society, governance, and military.

spark of wars

that ignited the sepoy mutiny, particularly the introduction of the Enfield rifle cartridges, which offended both Hindu and Muslim soldiers. (had pork in them)

paternalism

A governing strategy used by imperialists to manage colonies by providing for their needs while limiting self-governance, often based on the belief that indigenous peoples were incapable of governing themselves.

difference between direct control and indirect control

Direct control involves governing a colony with officials from the imperial power, while indirect control relies on local rulers to maintain authority under the guidance of the imperial power.