History of Medicine Exam 2

beriberi

disease in the 1800s/early 1900s, India, weakness in legs, caused by B1 (thiamine) deficiency, mono-diet of polished rice

hookworm

parasitic bacterial infection, causes iron deficiency from chronic bleeding, lives in small intestine, 1899 Puerto Rico epidemic

yellow fever

virus transmitted via mosquitos, severe epidemics in Yucatan and Cuba, 1862 epidemic in Wilmington, 1937 effective vaccine made

rickets

calcium deficiency causes weak bones, deformed legs, vitamin D deficiency, prominent during industrial revolution due to lack of sunlight because of pollution

pellagra (red disease)

early 1900s, plagued the southern US, caused by vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency, mono-diet of corn, treated with baker’s yeast (full of niacin) sprinkled on food

puerperal (childbed) fever

childbed fever, Vienna, caused by germs transported from cadavers to laboring mothers, high mortality

cowpox

disease contracted from infected animals, milkmaids got it and were found to be immune to more deadly smallpox, Jenner developed cowpox serum to vaccinate for smallpox

Jenner

discovered vaccination for smallpox by inducing cowpox in a child, his cowpox serum nearly eradicated smallpox 

Simpson

obstetrician and developed obstetric forceps, introduced chloroform for pain during labor and pioneered anaesthetics for surgery

Frances Burney

underwent mastectomy for malignant tumor with no anaesthesia, gives a first-person account of a major operation experience pre-anaesthetics in a letter to her sister

Nightingale

pioneered nursing as a profession, advocated for cleanliness and sanitation, became famous during Crimean War for her nursing and calls for reform

John Snow

british physician, Queen Victoria’s anaesthesiologist for both of her childrens births, famous for tracing cholera outbreak to contaminated water pump

Morton

did the first public demonstration of surgical anaesthesia in front of a large medical audience at the Mass General Hospital 

quinine

used as a remedy for malaria, daily use helped and prevented malaria

alienists

psychiatrists were called this in the 1800s

Pinel

beginning of enlightenment, first to believe that mental illnesses were caused by something physical in the brain

typhoid

bacterial infection, accounted for 17% of all military deaths

Bay of Bengal

where most, if not all epidemics of cholera in the 19th century originated

Queen Victoria

John Snow was her anaesthesiologist for both her childbirths, popularized the idea of anaesthetics for labor

Lister

developed an understanding of the germ theory’s application to surgery, came up with antisepsis and. antiseptic system called “the mule”

the “mule”

early antiseptic surgical equipment, carbolic acid spray hand pump

Lind

discovered citrus fruits like orange and lemon could prevent scurvy, one of the first controlled clinical trials

chlorpromazine

first antipsychotic drug

Robert Wood Johnson

started Johnson & Johnson, aimed at furthering the cause of sterile surgery

Patrick Manson

founder of tropical medicine, established that mosquitoes transmit disease and studied elaphantisis

mandragora

ancient plant used for anaesthesia and pain relief

Minie

type of soft lead bullet that expands on impact, caused many amputations during the civil war