Comprehensive Overview of Industrial, Space, Russian, Cultural, Sexual, and Green Revolutions

What key invention in the 17th century was crucial for pumping water out of coal mines?

The steam engine, developed by Thomas Newcomen in 1712.

What natural resource was abundant in England that contributed to the Industrial Revolution?

Coal.

Who refined the Newcomen engine and added a separate condenser to improve efficiency?

James Watt.

What significant impact did the steam engine have on textile production?

It increased textile production through innovations like the spinning jenny and power loom.

How did the production of cotton change during the Industrial Revolution?

There was a massive increase in production and sales, leading to Americanization and the use of slave labor in the South.

What advancement in metallurgy occurred in 1709 that improved iron production?

Heating coal in a blast furnace to create coke, which was more efficient.

What transportation innovations were driven by the Industrial Revolution?

Increased coal mine transportation, steam-powered railways, ships, canals, and urbanization.

Who is credited with the first synthetic dye, mauve, and what was its significance?

William Henry Perkin; it marked the beginning of commercial chemistry in factories.

What principle did thermodynamics introduce that improved steam engines?

The conversion of heat into work, leading to the development of the internal combustion engine.

What production method did Henry Ford introduce to improve efficiency?

The assembly line.

What was Taylorism and who developed it?

A management theory by Frederick Winslow Taylor that focused on breaking down production processes into scientific measurements.

What role did corporations and the state play in the Industrial Revolution?

They standardized parts and services, creating rules and consistency in production.

How did the second Industrial Revolution affect the middle class?

It introduced materialism and reshaped job requirements, leading to more science-related occupations.

Who were the Luddites and what did they protest against?

Skilled workers who protested against decreased labor standards and the impact of industrialization on their jobs.

What was the significance of the Factory Act of 1819?

It reduced child labor hours to 12, addressing some of the poor working conditions of the time.

What concept of time was proposed by Count Helmuth Moltke in 1891?

World standard time, to improve coordination during mobilization for war.

What did Albert Einstein's theory of relativity suggest about space and time?

That space and time are not fixed and can vary depending on the observer's viewpoint.

How did real-time journalism change news sharing during the Titanic disaster?

It allowed people to experience distant events as they happened, facilitated by wireless telegraphy.

What was H.G. Wells' contribution to literature regarding the future?

He presented ideas about societal reliance on scientific progress and expressed pessimism about degeneration.

What impact did the airplane have on distance and travel during the Industrial Revolution?

It transformed travel, symbolizing freedom and enabling empires to expand.

What was the significance of Alexander II's reforms in Russia?

He removed serfdom and initiated large government reforms following the humiliation in the Crimean War.

What was the autocratic approach of Alexander III in Russia?

He reversed reforms, declared martial law, and imposed stricter controls on media and peasants.

What characterized Nicholas II's rule in Russia?

His autocratic leadership was marked by social and economic protests, with his wife, Empress Alexandra, exerting significant influence.

What economic changes occurred after Emancipation in Russia?

Economic growth, urban railway connections, loss of social status related to land and occupation, and increased education among the populace.

What was the RSDWP and what issues did it address?

Founded in 1883, the RSDWP represented the working class, addressing worsening working conditions, strikes, and oppression faced by ethnic communities.

What was the significance of the 1905 Russian-Japanese War?

It led to national humiliation and criticism of leadership, sparking reform demands and protests, culminating in Bloody Sunday.

What reforms were promised in the October Manifesto?

The Tsar promised civil liberties and legislative powers to an assembly (Duma), leading to the formation of the Kadet party and support from Octoberists.

What role did the Soviets play in early 20th century Russia?

Soviets took on government roles and militia functions, emerging as significant political entities by 1906.

What characterized the first Duma established in 1906?

Initially excluded peasants, mainly supported the Tsar, and was seen as a puppet government; later Dumas became more radical.

Who were the Bolsheviks and what was their main ideology?

A faction of the RSDWP formed in 1912, advocating for a centralized party of professional revolutionaries and initially seeking peasant support.

What was the outcome of the Russian Civil War from 1918 to 1923?

The Bolsheviks, renamed the Communist Party, executed the Romanovs and the civil war resulted in approximately 12.7 million deaths.

What was the stance of the Mensheviks in the Russian Revolution?

They favored broader membership and cooperation with the Duma and liberals, contrasting with the Bolsheviks' more radical approach.

What triggered the February Revolution in 1917?

Nicholas II's rejection of leadership in response to famines and riots led to his abdication after the executive committee was formed.

What reforms did the Provisional Government implement?

They enacted reforms such as freedom of the press, separation of church and state, and local government democratization.

What was the July Uprising of 1917?

A crisis in the Provisional Government where protests led to violence, resulting in the arrest of Bolsheviks and Lenin's denunciation.

What did Kornilov's coup reveal about Kerensky's government?

It demonstrated the government's weakness and vulnerability to attacks, as Kornilov attempted to suppress riots.

What was the October Revolution?

The Bolsheviks seized power with support from the Petrograd Soviet, leading to the overthrow of Kerensky's government.

What was established in 1922 after the Russian Civil War?

The Soviet Union was formed, comprising 15 Soviet republics under the Communist Party, with Stalin eventually overtaking Lenin's leadership.

What was the May Fourth Movement in China?

A 1919 movement aimed at modernizing China by rejecting Confucian culture and embracing science and Westernization.

What was the Long March and its significance?

A 1934-35 retreat led by Mao Zedong to Yan'an, aimed at improving relations with peasants and linking to the 1942 rectification movement.

What was the Hundred Flowers Campaign?

A 1956-57 initiative encouraging free speech that turned into an anti-intellectual campaign, leading to persecution of critics.

What were the consequences of the Great Leap Forward?

An attempt to mobilize labor that resulted in economic collapse, mass famine, and 20-30 million deaths.

What was the Sino-Soviet split?

Initially allied post-Korean War, Mao and Stalin's relationship deteriorated after 1956 due to differing ideologies.

Who were the Gang of Four?

A radical group led by Jiang Qing that supported Mao and sought to maintain revolutionary fervor, resulting in increased arrests and executions.

What was the purpose of the Little Red Books introduced in 1963?

To spread radical values and quotes from Mao, symbolizing support and idolization of Mao.

What event marked the beginning of the Cultural Revolution in China?

The notification on May 16th that all rightists should be purged, following the criticism of Mao in 'Hai Rui Dismissed from Office'.

Who were the Red Guards and what tactics did they use?

University students who used humiliation and shame, including dunce hats and beatings, to enforce revolutionary ideals.

What were the 'Four Olds' targeted during the Cultural Revolution?

Old ideas, old culture, old customs, and old habits.

What was the Liu Shaoqi campaign's impact during the Cultural Revolution?

It targeted individuals with capitalistic policies, leading to purges and arrests of their families.

What role did revolutionary committees play during the Cultural Revolution?

They united military, factions, and bureaucrats, balancing power and undercutting the Red Guards.

What does the Victorian Repressive Hypothesis suggest about sexual repression?

It argues that excessive sexual repression led to underground sexual practices and a focus on prostitution and venereal disease.

Who was Havelock Ellis and what was his contribution to sexology?

He argued that sexual behavior is a continuum and that 'deviants' should not be punished.

What was Sigmund Freud's view on sexuality?

He placed sex at the center of civilization's problems, suggesting that repression could lead to illness.

How did Wilhelm Reich reconcile Freud's ideas with Marxism?

He linked sexual repression to social control and popularized the term 'sexual revolution'.

What was the main goal of the birth control movement?

To educate about fertility control for social and economic reasons, stemming from Malthusian concerns.

Who was Margaret Sanger and what was her significance?

A socialist nurse who coined the term 'birth control' and advocated for women's health and science over morality.

What was the focus of Marie Stopes' work?

She emphasized the emotional well-being of families and connected birth control to women's sexual development.

What characterized the 'New Woman' of the 1920s?

College-educated women with open sexual identities linked to the suffrage movement, some rejecting traditional family roles.

What did the Kinsey Reports reveal about sexual behavior?

They argued that sex could not be regulated by government and debunked myths about female sexuality.

What was the significance of the book 'Our Bodies, Ourselves' published in 1971?

It addressed women's health in political, social, and economic contexts, becoming a key text of second-wave feminism.

What was the impact of the Green Revolution on agriculture?

It introduced modern agricultural science to increase production, particularly in developing economies like Mexico and India.

Who was Norman Borlaug and what was his contribution to the Green Revolution?

He hybridized plants to increase wheat production in Mexico by 90% and later helped India, winning a Nobel Peace Prize.

What were the criticisms of the Green Revolution?

It was seen as politically motivated, benefitting companies over farmers, and did not fully resolve famine issues.

What was the 'Indian Wheat Revolution' of 1968?

It involved the introduction of semi-dwarf wheat varieties that were successful in increasing yields.

What was the relationship between overpopulation and national security as seen by Truman?

Truman linked overpopulation and hunger to social stability, viewing food aid as a means to modernize and secure nations.

What was the role of the Rockafella Foundation in the Green Revolution?

It partnered with the USA to research food policies and agricultural practices in developing countries.

What was the significance of the Stonewall Riots in 1969?

They marked a shift in the gay liberation movement from general liberationism to a focus on legal reforms.