CTE Exam Review

Sagittal Plane

divides body into left & right

Coronal (frontal) Plane

divides body into anterior & posterior

Transversal Plane

divides body into superior & inferior

Supine

patient lies flat on the back

Prone

patient lies on the abdomen w/ head turned to either side

Trendelenburg

patient lies on the back w/ feet elevated

Types of Connective Tissues

adipose, ligaments, tendons, & cartilage

Adipose

stores fat cells

Ligaments

strong, flexible, bands that hold bones firmly together by the joints

Tendons

white bands that attach skeletal muscle to bone

What systems are lined by mucous membranes?

digestive, respiratory, & urinary

Serous membrane

double walled membrane that produces serous fluid

What does the pleural membrane line?

lines thoracic cavity & protects lung

Cyanosis

skin turns blue due to lack of oxygen

Hemorrhage

the release of blood from a broken blood vessel

Osteoblasts

synthesizes bone matrix protein & minerals

Osteocytes

lines the inside of fully formed bones & maintain bone tissue

Osteoclasts

degrade bone to initiate bone remoldeling

Bursae

fluid-filled sac that works as a cushion between tissues in joints

Foramen

a hole through which nerves and blood vessels pass

Hematopoiesis

the formation of blood

Fontanel

soft spot on a baby’s head

Synovial fluid

lubricating substance in joints

Where are ball & socket joints found?

shoulders & hips

Where are hinge joints found?

knees, elbows, & joints of the fingers

Where are pivot joints found?

radius & ulna, axis & atlas

Where are gliding joints found?

vertebrae

Bunion

a bony bump that forms on the joint at the base of the big toe

Hammertoe

a foot condition in which the toe has an abnormal bend in the middle joint

Gout

a common form of inflammatory arthritis caused by hyperuricemia (too much uric acid in the body)

Osteomalacia

softening of the bones due to a lack of vitamin D & calcium

Osteoporosis

bones become weak & brittle due to lack of calcium

Rickets

imperfect calcification, softening, and distortion of bones

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sx-delayed growth, bow legs weakness

causes- lack of vitamin D in children

tx- supplements

Comminuted Fracture

a fracture resulting in bone splinters

Compound Fracture

fracture where the bone breaks skin

Compression Fracture

Greenstick Fracture

fracture due to the bending of the bone

Simple Fracture

bone is broken but skin is intact

Stress Fracture

tiny cracks in bone due to repetitive force

Kyphosis

exaggerated forward rounding of the upper back

Lordosis

excessive inward curvature of the spine; common in pregnant women

Scoliosis

side-ways curvature of the spine

Spina Bifida

a birth defect in which the spine fails to develop properly

Arthritis

inflammation of the joints

osteoarthritis

a type of arthritis where the flexible tissue of a joint breaks down

rheumatoid arthritis

an autoimmune disorder that attacks the joints

Abduction

the movement of a limb away from the midline of the body

Adduction

movement of a limb toward the midline of the body

Anaerobic

without oxygen

Fascia

a thin causing of connective tissue that surrounds and holds every organ, blood vessel, bone, nerve fiber, and muscle in place

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

smooth, skeletal, & cardiac

Skeletal muscle

voluntary & striated muscle tissue that are attached to bone by tendons

Smooth muscle

involuntary & visceral muscle that is found in the walls of the digestive system, uterus & blood vessels

Cardiac

involuntary muscle found in the heart

Sphincter

circular muscles in openings of esophagus & stomach, stomach & small intestine, anus, urethra, & mouth

Contractibility

the ability of a muscle to reduce the distance between the parts of its contents or the space it surrounds (to flex)

Excitability (irritability)

to the ability to respond to certain to certain stimuli

Extensibility

the ability to be stretched

Elasticity

ability of muscle to return to its original length when relaxing

Origin

the part of a skeletal muscle that is attaches to a fixed bone (it moves the least)

Insertion

the art of the skeletal muscle that moves during contractions

Synaptic cleft

neuromuscular junction

Fibromyalgia

a chronic condition that causes pain & tenderness throughout the body; more common in older aged women

Hernia

intestinal organ pushed through an opening in the muscle lining

Muscle spasms

sudden involuntary contractions of a muscle; usually caused by overuse of muscle & dehydration

Muscle Strain

tear to the muscle fibers or tendon; RICE for treatment

Tendonitis (tendinopathy)

inflammation of a tendon

Muscular Dystrophy

a genetic condition that causes progressive weakness & loss of muscle mass; usually affects boys

Tetanus (lockjaw)

serious illness caused by clostridium bacteria (found on rusty metals)

Abrasion

superficial injuries of the skin & visceral linings of the body

Albinism (achromasia)

a genetic disorder that is characterized by little or no melanin production; causes white hair, pale skin, & red or grey eyes

Alopecia arcata

an autoimmune disorder that causes damage to hair follicles which results in hair loss

Boils (carbuncles)

a group of pus-filled bumps forming a connected area of infection under the skin

Dermatitis

inflammation of the skin

Gland

an organ that produces & releases substances with specific purposes

Impetigo

a highly contagious but mild infection that is characterized by yellow crust; usually in children

Keratin

a protein that helps form hair, nails & epidermis

Macule

a flat, distinct, discolored area of the skin; freckles, flat moles, & port-wine stains

Melanin

a substance that produces pigmentation in hair, eyes & skin

Melanocyte

a cell found in melanosomes that produces melanin

MRSA

a cause of staph infections that is very difficult to treat due to its resistance to antibiotics

cx- staphylococcus bacterium

sx- bumps that are red, swollen, painful, pus filled & accompanied by a fever

tx- oral clindamycin or IV vancomycin

Papule

a solid or cystic raised spot on the skin

Puritis

itchy skin

Psoriasis

a skin disease that causes a rash with itchy & scaly patches; most common on the knees, elbows, trunk & scalp

Pustule

pus-filled bump (pimple)

Sebum

an oily substance produced in the sebaceous glands; forms a protective coating on the skin’s surface

Stratum corneum

the most outer layer of the skin that acts as a barrier from water exciting & bacteria; waterproof due to keratin

Stratum germinativum (basale)

the deepest layer, separated from the dermis by the basal lamina & is attached to it by hemidesmosomes

Tumor

a swelling of a part of the body causes by an abnormal growth of tissue

Ulcer

a sore on the visceral lining of an organ

Urticaria (hives)

a raised itchy rash

Vesicles

a thin-walled sac filled with a fluid

Verrucae (plantar warts)

hard growths on the heel or balls of the feet caused by HPV

Stratum lucidum

a translucent layer of the epidermis that regulates temperature & amount of water released into the environment

Stratum granulosum

a thin layer of cells in the epidermis that accumulates dense basophilic keratohyalin granules that forma waterproof layer

Stratum spinosum

a layer of the epidermis that makes the skin strong & flexible

Papillae

ridges in stratum basale that arise from dermis that help with grip

Cortex

Outer layer of hair

Medulla

inner layer of hair

Arrector pili

a tiny muscle that attaches to the base of a hair follicle at one end and to dermal tissue on the other end