Plant + Animal Cells - Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic - Know how to label diagrams - Know structures and functions The microscope - Labeling - How to calculate/equations Cell Division The Cell Cycle - Draw + explain each stage Diffusion vs. Osmosis Cancer - 2 Types - Ways to detect - Ways to prevent - Ways to treat Specialized Cells - What are they - Animal cells + their functions
Prokaryotic Cells (simple)
Produce single-celled arganisms (archaea, bacteria)
No nucleus
Very small
Found in: Kingdoms Archaea and Eubacteria (both types of bacteria)
Eukaryotic Cells (complex)
Produce single-celled (protists) or multicellular organisms (fungi, animals, plants)
Contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Tens to thousands of times larger than prokaryotic cells
Found in: Kingdoms Protists, Fungy, Animalia, and Plantae
Plant Cell Diagram
Know...
Vacuole
Cell Wall
Mitochondrion
Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R)
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosome
Chloroplast
Chromosomes
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Animal Cell Diagram
Know...
Nucleolus
Chromosomes
Nucleus
Ribosome
Mitochondrion
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R)
Golgi Body
Lysosome
Centrioles
Vacuole
Cytoplasm
Throughout entire cell
Jelly-like liquid, depending on the chemical reactions taking place
Holds substances that cells store until needed
In plant and animal cell
Cell Membrane
Outer layer
Flexible, double layer, surrounds cell
Supports cell and allows some substances to enter while keeping others out
In plant and animal cell
Nucleus
Near the centre of cell
Roughly spherical
Carries instructions for all cell processes
In plant and animal cell
Mitochondria
Throught cytoplasm
Large, oval with a convoluted double membrane (lots of surface area)
Converts food to energy and contains enzymes that help cellular respiration take place
In plant and animal cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Throughout cytoplasm
Three dimensional network of branching tubes and air pockets
Transport materials through the cell
In plant and animal cell
Golgi Bodies
Throughout cytoplasm
Stacked discs
Stores and secretes materials for cell use
In plant and animal cell
Vacuoles
Throughout cytoplasm
Single layer of membrane enclosing fluid in a sac
Contain some substances, remove unwanted substances, maintain internal fluid pressure within the cell
Many small ones in animal cells, one large one in plant cell
Cell Wall
Just outside the cell membrane
Rigid, but porous structure made of cellulose
Provides support for the cell and protection from physical injury
In plant cell
Chloroplast
Through cell membrane
Looks like small, green, dots
Absorb light energy
In plant cell
Ribosome
Throughout cyctoplasm
Small, spherical granules
Full of water and keeps cells plum
In plant cell
Labelling the microscope
Know...
Eyepiece/Ocular lens
Eyepiece tube on body tube
Nosepiece
Arm
Objective lenses
Stage
Stage clips
Diaphragm
Coarse focus
Fine focus
Illumination
Base
Magnification
Low - 40x Medium - 100x High - 400x Very High - 1000x
Micrometers
1mm = 1000μm
Actual Size Calculation (μm)
Field of View (μm) ÷ # of times it fits across FOV (Field of View)
Drawing Magnification
Drawing size (μm) ÷ Actual size (μm)
Cell division
Required for:
Reproduction
Growth
Tissue Repair
Cell Division for Reproduction - Asexual
Only one parent
Single parent divides to form 2 duaghter cells, genetically identical
Common in single-celled organisms
Used for growth and tissue repair in multicellular organisms
Cell Division for Reproduction - Sexual
Two parents
Each parent produces gametes (half cells - sperm and egg) through meiosis
Gamete contains half of the DNA found in a cell
Gamete from each parent fuse to form the 1st cell of new life. Then it divides and grows through mitosis
New offspring is genetically unique
Cell Division for Growth
All organisms grow
When multicellular organisms grow, the number of cells increase
Cells obtain/transport materials through diffusion and osmosis
Concentration
The amount of a substance (solute) present in a given volume of solution
Osmosis
A fluid, usually water, travels across the cell membrane from an area of low solute concentration (more water) to an area of high solution concentration (less water)
Diffusion
Chemicals (ex.nutrients) travel across the cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Cell Division for Repair
All organisms need to be able to repair themsevles when damaged or replace dying cells in order to survive
Different types of cells get replaced at different times: stomach lining cells replace after 2 days, red blood cells after 120 days, brain cells only after 30-50 years
Cell Cycle
Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
Interphase
Longest stage of th cell cycle (90% of a cells life)
3 Stages of interphase: G1, S, G2
Interphase - G1
Cell grows, produces more organelles, carries out normal activities
Interpahse - S
DNA replicates to produce 2 identical copies
Interphase - G2
Cell prepares to divide
Mitosis
Involves the division of the contents of the nucleus
4 stages (PMAT)
In animal Cells, Mitosis is "helped along" by spindle fibers (spindle fibers are specialized structures produced by centrioles that attatch to the chromosones and help pull them apart)M
Mitosis - Prophase
Chromosomes condense and centrioles move to opposite poles, forming spindle fibres. Each chromosome has 2 identical sister chromatids that are held together by a centromere
Mitosis - Metaphase
Sister chromatids line up in a single file along the middle of the cell
Chromosomes are most visible in the phase for plant mitosis
Mitosis - Anaphase
Sister Chromatids separate to opposite poles
Mitosis - Telophase
Chromosomes unravel, nuclear membrane reforms, and cell appears to have 2 nuclei
Each new cell will secrete cellulose to form the cell wall for plant mitosis
Cytokinesis
Cell divides and 2 genetically identical daughter cells form. Daughter cells in interphase
Membrane pinches off in animal cell Plate forms across centre of cell which forms the cell wall in plant cell
Cancer
Uncontrolable and rapid division of cells caused by the mutation in the portion of the DNA controlling the cell cycle
2 Types of Cancer
Malignant tumors Benign Tumors
Malignant tumor
Affects surrounding cells Metastatic cells can leave the tumor and start a secondary tumor elsewhere
Benign
Does not affect surrounding cells, unless by physically crowding them
Causes of Cancer
Some mutations are caused by carcinogens (environmental factors that cause cancer) Some carcinogens are: Tobacco smoke Radiation (X-Rays, UV Rays) Viruses (HPV, Hepatitis B) Some chemicals in plastics Organic solvents Genetic links
Dectecting Cancer
Endoscopy X-Ray Ultrasound CT scan MRI
Preventing Cancer
avoiding tobacco smoke eating a healthy diet eating vitamin supplements and 'super foods'
Treating Cancer
Surgery (physically removing the cancerous tissue) Chemotherapy (using drugs to slow or stop the cancer cells from dividing and killing them), Radiation (damaging the DNA of many daughter cells so they cannot divide further)
What is a specialized cell
a cell that can perform one job really well due to physical and chemical differences
Speicialized animal cells
Red Blood Cells Skin Cells Bone Cells Muscle Cells White Blood Cells Sperm Cells Fat Cells Nerve Cells Photophore Cells
Red Blood Cells
Contain hemoglobin that carries oxygen in blood Smooth so they can pass through blood vessels
Skin Cells
Fit together tightly to vover outside of body Protects cells inside and reduces water loss
Bone Cells
Collect calcium Allow growth and repair of bones
Muscle Cells
Arranged in bundles called muscle fibers Can contract and causes bones to move
White Blood Cells
Can move like amoeba to engulf bacteria and fight infectionSp
Sperm Cells
Able to move independently Carry DNA from male parent to join an egg from female parent
Fat Cells
Have large vacuole that stores fat molecules How cells store chemical energy
Nerve CElls
Long, thin, many branches Conduct electrical impulses to coordinate body activity
Photophore cells
Emit light and used by animals that are active at night or live deep in the ocean