Bio Exam 3- Ecology

biotic

living components (organisms)

abiotic

nonliving components (temperature, pH, water, wind, salinity, etc.)

trail following

ants mark the way with pheromones (tells that food lies ahead on pathways)

path integration

on an outbound trop, any monitors length and direction of each segment and puts information together on the way home

orientation

adopting a path relative to an environmental cues (sun compass, polarization compass, magnetic compass)

honeybee waggle dance

first part of dance directs orientation, second part indicated how far to fly

migration

movement between locations, remain for a substantial length of time before returning, and is often periodic

society

group of individuals of one species, organized in a cooperative manner

social behavior

includes individual's behaviors that integrate them, and group behaviors of entire societies

pros of living in a group

-less susceptible to predators
-generational learning
-sharing work
-discover resources quicker
-thermoregulation

cons of living in a group

-competing for resources
-disease
-reduced genetic diversity
-more visible to predators

eusociality

consists of nonreproductive adults that help other members of the group, usually their mother (honey bees)

altruism

cost to one individual which aiding another

home range

space occupied by an individual, but others are not excluded

territory

other occupants are actively excluded

hybridization

behavior can prevent ________

hybridization

the process of an animal or plant breeding with an individual of another species or variety

term associated with limited postnatal period for learning

behavioral imprinting

term associated with mechanistic explanation

proximate cause

nearctic

palearctic

ethiopian

Africa

oriental

of, from, or characteristic of East Asia

australian

`

antarctic

scale of ecological organization

1. organism
2. population
3. community
4. ecosystem
5. biosphere

organism

survival, repro, and behavior

population

population dynamics, demography

community

interactions among populations, species diversity, trophic dynamics, competition, succession

ecosystem

FIRST LEVEL WITH ABIOTIC; living things and the environment in which they live

biosphere

all organisms on Earth and what they occupy

what drives global climate?

sunlight, movement of the planet, and atmospheric/ocean circulation

weather

short-term, day-to-day state of atmosphere (minutes to weeks)

climate

long-term behavior of the atmosphere (years to decades)

solar energy input varies with _____

latitude

sunlight is spread over the ______ (larger/smaller) surface area

larger

seasonality is a consequence of what two factors?

tilt and movement

revolution

circle external axis

rotation

turning on internal axis counterclockwise

tropical latitudes have more intense sunlight, causing air to...

rise and cool

adiabiotic cooling

compress gas expands, causing it to cool (more volume when hot, less when cool)

what happens to water in air as the air cools?

it condenses

Hadley cells

a large-scale atmospheric convection cell in which air rises at the equator and sinks at medium latitudes, typically about 30° north or south.

what causes prevailing winds?

Atmospheric circulation + the earth's rotation (near equator flows faster)

if air is moving towards the equator, it is going from ____ to ____, so it will fall behind

slow, fast

topography

variation in elevations (can alter regional climate)

upwelling

the upward movement of ocean water toward the surface as a result of diverging currents

water has a _____ (high/low) heat capacity, causing the temperature to fluctuate ____ (more/less) than land

high; less

growing season

when the temperature is warm enough for plants to grow

biogeography

spatial distributions of species

physical geography

spatial distribution of earth's climates

biome

a distinct physical environment that is inhabited by ecologically similar organisms with similar adaptations

terrestrial biomes

usually distinguished by the dominant type of vegetations

what determines a biome?

temp, precipitation, seasonality, siols, and disturbance

global climate patterns are linked to

biomes

should be able to recreate and label this graph?

aquatic biomes

climate less important, abiotic factors (water depth, temperature, pressure ,salinity, oxygen) more important

intertidal zone

Portion of the shoreline that lies between the high and low tide lines

hydrothermal vent

an opening in the sea floor out of which heated mineral-rich water flows (can have primal repro)

conservation ecology

understand and prevent extinction of vulnerable species

restoration ecology

restore health of damaged ecosystems

population ecology

study of births and deaths and dynamic forces that regulate the population

two ways of describing populations

spatial (density and dispersion) and temporal (rates of B/D)

density

# of individuals per unit area of volume

dispersion

pattern of spacing among individuals usually within the boundaries of the population

mark recapture method (CMR, capture-marker-recapture)

1. capture critters
2. cark critters
3. recapture of marked individuals
4. do math

N(est) =

M1 * Ns2 / M2

(# marked on day 1 * # captured on second day) / # marked on day 2

main dispersion patterns

clumped, random, uniform

clumped

social patterns and resource distribution

random

less common in nature; most likely a result of wind dispersion (tends to occur in plants)

uniform

equal spacing; variability less; due to allelopathy, territoriality, or competition

allelopathy

plants excrete toxic substance to limit competition

demography

study of processes that influence births, deaths, and population growth rate

principle of allocation

how can you allocate resources to different things than reproduction

what is always first priority of resource acquisition?

maintenance

semelparous species

expend their energy in a single, immense reproductive effort (all eggs in one basket)

interoparous species

exhibit repeated reproductive cycles

life history (traits that make up an organism's schedule of repro) examples

age at first repro, frequency and duration of repro, total number of offspring, life expentancy

Type I survivorship curve

humans; parental care ,few offspring, ensures early years survival

Type II survivorship curve

birds 9c-strategist); average chance of surviving every year they live, some parental care, intermediate # of offspring

Type III survivorship curve

plants (r-strategists); no parental care, many offspring , most die early but ones that survive live long

survivorship curve

log scale on y axis

BD model

N/t = B-D

n = pop size
t = time
B = births
D = deaths

per capita

expressed on a per individual basis

birth rate equation

B = bN

B= # of births
b= per capita birth rate
N = population

death rate equation

D = dN

D = number of deaths
d = per capita death rate
N = population

per capita rate of increase formula

N/t = rN

r = b-d

r max

used when resources are unlimited; remains constant

if r remains constant, population doubling time will

also remain constant

carrying capacity (K)

max pop size that an environment can support

logistic growth model

N/t = r(max)N(K-N/K)

growth rate modifier

K-N/K

when N=0, the growth rate modifier is

1

when N = K, the growth rate modifier is

0

per capita growth rate

r - r(max) * (K-N/K)

assumptions of logistic model

-no immigration or emigration
-all individuals contribute equally (rmax is constant)
-environment (k) is constant

biotic factors

operate in a density-dependent manner (parasitism, disease ,competition, predation)

abiotic factors

operate in a density-independent manner (precipitation, natural disaster, habitat, temperature)

r-strategists

large numbers of offspring, limited parental care (unstable environments) (ex. rabbits)

k-strategists

few offspring, a lot of parental care (stable, predictable environments) (ex. elephants)