AP World: Last Test of the Year - Current Events

Act of Union

Act of Union

Passed by the English and Scottish Parliaments in 1707, led to the creation of a united kingdom to be called “Great Britain”

Great Famine Causes

The crop failures were caused by late blight, a disease that destroys both the leaves and the edible roots, or tubers, of the potato plant. GB did not help since they viewed it as a natural check on the population (Malthus's idea). 

Great Famine Effects

Irish had resentment towards GB and nationalism (Gaelic came back, irish step dancing/music/writing)

IRB

Irish Republican Brotherhood

IRA

Irish Republican Army

Events in the Easter Rebellion

Rebels signed a declaration that separated themselves from britain after they invaded gov't offices in dublin. The people who signed were killed for treason by the british.

Easter Rebellion Effects

Even more nationalism in Ireland and started to want independence. 

Michael Collins

IRA leader. Helped fight in the anglo-irish war. 

Ulster

The 6 protestant countries in the north of Ireland who decided to remain a part of the uk to this day. 

The Troubles

In the 1960s, a huge amount of violence began in Northern Ireland between the Catholic minority and the Protestant Majority (unionists), this period is called the “Troubles”.

Bloody Sunday

1972- British troops fired on “innocent” protestors in Derry, killing 14 people. soon after violence escalated against the British army and Irish Nationalists.

Good Friday Peace Accords

Bill Clinton. Most current and successful peace treaty. Grants Protestants and Catholics equal rights, anyone in jail for violence is free). Ended the Troubles

Catholics and protestants still fight in the north. 

How is Ireland still divided today?

Saddam Hussein

January 1991, Iraq dictator _______ invaded oil rich country Kuwait (friendly with the USA) Kuwait borders Iraq to its southwest, both have access to Persian Gulf.

Kuwait

Oil rich country in the Middle East that also has access to the Persian gulf. Invaded by Hussein. 

1st Persian Gulf War Causes

Iraq dictator Saddam Hussein invaded oil rich country Kuwait. US President George HW Bush appealed to the UN.

1st Persian Gulf War Effects

The US passed harsh sanctions on Iraq for years after the war hurting their economy. Pollution.

Al Qaeda

The 9/11 attacks in 2001 on the USA was orchestrated by the Islamic extremist group Al-Qaeda, this group believed in ridding the Middle East of the west and bringing Islam back to the social and religious customs of earlier centuries. Wanted traditional Islam.

The Taliban

This is another Muslim extremist group who was ruling over Afghanistan in 2001 and allowed the Al-Qaeda network to live and plan in their country.

War in Afghanistan Causes

The 9/11 attacks in 2001 on the USA was orchestrated by the Islamic extremist group Al-Qaeda. Taliban allowed Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan. 

War in Afghanistan Effects

The US created a democratic style government in Afghanistan with a President and legislature. Taliban took power again after US troops pulled out, though. 

Causes of Operation Iraqi Freedom

the USA received British intelligence that Saddam Hussein was developing WMDs (Weapons of Mass Destruction). US President George W. Bush appealed to the UN security council to invade Iraq but only Britain supported the US effort. 

Effects of Operation Iraqi Freedom

Saddam was captured, put on trial, and executed by the new Iraqi government. violence and civil war enveloped Iraq, Sunnis, Shias, and Kurds began to fight. Later a new Islamic extremist group called ISIS emerged and replaced Al-Qaeda as a main terrorist network.

Arab Spring (Twitter Revolution) Causes

The protests were caused by social media posts (mainly Twitter)

Arab Spring (Twitter Revolution) Effects

The Tunisian revolt within this revolution was pivotal as it inspired protests against authoritarianism, corruption, and poverty across the Middle East. The protests caused more civil war in Syria and Yemen.

Arab Spring (Twitter Revolution)

A group of mass protests across the Middle East started in Tunisia in 2010, most of the demonstrations were organized and caused by social media.

SDF (Syrian democratic forces—supported by the US), ISIS (in the North, Syria and Iraq), Assad and his forces (who further destabilized the region, supported by Russia and Iran)

Who/what groups were involved in the Syrian Civil War?

Conflict in Chechnya

In 1995, Chechens wanted to break free from Russia.  The Russian military bombed the capital of Grozny forcing a cease fire.

Conflict in Ukraine Causes

In 2013 Russian President Vladimir Putin became more like a dictator and wanted to reassert Russian authority in Eastern Europe.  In 2015 Vladimir Putin supported Pro-Russian rebels in Eastern Ukraine (called the Donbas) and they broke away from Ukraine. 

Conflict in Ukraine Effects

The USA and European countries have been funding and provided weapons for the Ukrainians to resist Russian occupation.

Nuclear Proliferation

The spread of nuclear weapons, nuclear weapons technology, or fissile material to countries that do not already possess them.

Kyoto Protocol; Paris Accords

State the name of these two documents, respectively: 1. document designed to assist countries in adapting to the adverse effects of climate change. 2. In 2015, world leaders pledged to try and prevent global temperatures rising by more than 1.5 degrees C

The Kyoto Protocol required only developed countries to reduce emissions, while the Paris Agreement recognized that climate change is a shared problem and called on all countries to set emissions targets.

Difference between Kyoto Protocol and Paris Accords

Uyghurs

Originally a central Asian Muslim group, today 12 million live in Xinjiang, a northwestern province in China. The Chinese government has been jailing many this group in recent years labeling them a threat to Chinese culture.  China also has been forcing ethnic Han Chinese to migrate into this region to assimilate this group racially.

Belgians favored the minority Tutsis over the Hutus which exacerbated the tendency of the few to oppress the many.

How did the Belgium colonists create division in Rwanda?

Juvenal Habyarimana

Gained power in 1973, The sole leader of the Rwandan government for the next two decades, Habyarimana founded a new political party, the National Revolutionary Movement for Development (NRMD). He was elected president under a new constitution ratified in 1978

Arusha Accords

calling for the creation of a transition government that would include the Rwandan patriotic front (RPF)

Interahamwe

Rwandan armed forces (FAR) and Hutu militia groups. set up roadblocks and barricades and began slaughtering Tutsis and moderate Hutus with impunity.

Rwandese patriotic front (RPF)

consisting mainly of Tutsi refugees, invaded Rwanda from Uganda in 1990.

Paul Kagame

After its victory, the RPF established a coalition government similar to that agreed upon at Arusha, with Pasteur Bizimungu, a Hutu, as president and ____________, a Tutsi, as vice president and defense minister.

800,000 (in 3 months)

How many Tutsi and Hutu sympathizers were killed in genocide?

It was the first international tribunal since the Nuremberg Trials and the first with the mandate to prosecute the crime of genocide.

Why was the ICTR significant

Areas that made up Yugoslavia

Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Slovenia and Macedonia

They let them go from their satellite nations. 

How did events in the USSR cause the Bosnian Genocide?

Slobodan Milosevic

Serbian leader who helped foment discontent between Serbians in Bosnia and Croatia and their Croatian, Bosniak and Albanian neighbors.

Ethnic makeup of Bosnia

44% bosniak, 31% serb, and 17% croatian (8% other)

Republika Srpska

Karadzic’s party had set this up in the east by the end of 1933.

Ethnic Cleansing

the mass expulsion or killing of members of an unwanted ethnic or religious group in a society.

Srebrenica Massacre

The U.N. had declared enclaves “safe havens” in 1993, to be disarmed and protected by international peacekeeping forces. On July 11, 1995, however, Bosnian Serb forces advanced on Srebrenica (a safe haven), overwhelming a battalion of Dutch peacekeeping forces stationed there. Serbian forces subsequently separated the Bosniak civilians at Srebrenica, putting the women and girls on buses and sending them to Bosnian-held territory. What is this event called?

The creation of a federalized Bosnia divided between a Croat-Bosniak federation and a Serb republic

What resulted from the Dayton Accords?

It was the first called since the Nuremberg Trials, like the ICTR

Why was the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) significant?

The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)

Radovan Karadzic and the Bosnian Serb military commander, General Ratko Mladic, were among those indicted by the _____ for genocide and other crimes against humanity. This group would eventually indict 161 individuals of crimes committed during conflict in the former Yugoslavia.