Lasers

Scribe a single line across the fiber

The correct technique to cleave a fiber is to :
-Saw back - and - forth on the fiber
-Scribe a single lineterm-1 across the fiber
-Use a quick , direct blow to hit the fiber
-Cut fiber with scissors

Wound healing is quicker

Compared to soft tissues incised with a scalpel , what is an advantage of using a laser?
-Surgical procedure takes less time
-Less chance for infection
-Wound healing is quicker
-No advantages

Nd:YAG 1064nm

Which laser has the least absorption in healthy dental hard tissues ?
-Nd : YAG 1064 nm
-Er , Cr : YSGG 2780 nm
-Er : YAG 2940 nm
-CO2 10,600 nm

810-1064nm

The wavelength range commonly associated with surgical diode lasers in dentistry is:
- 400-655 nm
- 810-1064 nm
- 1340-2780 nm
- 2940-10600 nm

Pain Management

Photobiomodulation has FDA clearance for which treatment?
-Nerve regeneration
-Increased healing rate
-Lichen planus
-Pain management

High Volume evacuation

Which of the following safety practices is standard protocol during surgical laser procedures?
-Cheek retractor
-Water spray
-Saliva ejector
-High - volume evacuation

Reducing bacterial counts within the canal

Research into the applications of erbium lasers in endodontics has demonstrated efficiency at :
-Reducing bacterial counts within the canal
-Improving obturation
-Shaping the canal walls
-Welding internal root fracture

Er,Cr: YSGG 2780nm and CO2 9300nm

Which lasers are most effective for preparation of enamel and dentin?
- Diode 810/980 nm and Nd : YAG 1064 nm
- Er , Cr : YSGG 2780 nm and CO2 9300 nm
- Er : YAG 2940 nm and Diode 1064 nm
- Diode 940 nm and CO2 10,600 nm

Eye protection and plume control

The prime safety concern (s) when using dental lasers is (are):
-Coolant application and anodized instruments
-Non - reflective instruments
-Eye protection and plume control
-Laser safety officer present

GaAlAs lasers

Which of the following lasers is typically used for intraoral soft tissue removal?
-Ruby lasers
-Excimer lasers
-Helium - neon lasers
-GaAlAs lasers

American National Standard for the safe use of lasers in health care facilities

Device-specific indications for use are found in:
-Professional information section of the operating manual
-American National Standard for the Safe Use of Lasers in Health Care Facilities
-Case reports
-Laser clinical textbooks

Protein denaturation

An Er,Cr : YSGG laser is used within the sulcus at 1 W , 20 Hz , 10 % water , 20 % air to approximately 60 degrees C. At these parameters , what would be expected?
-Tissue welding
-Vaporization
-Protein denaturation
-Carbonization

Properly trained team member

The prerequisite to be a laser safety officer is:
-Licensed Dentist
-Laser manufacturer representative
-Properly trained team member
-registered dental hygienist

dissipate heat away from lased tissue

Thermal relaxation is the length of time to:
-heat tissue between successive energy pulses
-maintain constant temperature of lased tissue
-confine heat to lased tissue
-dissipate heat away from lased tissue

viruses

which of the following can be airborne contaminant in a laser-generated plume?
-Excessive CO2 release
-nonionizing radiation
-viruses
-ionizing radiation

hemostasis

when exposing implants, lasers have which advantage over conventional instrumentation?
-ease of assessing periodontal status
-more accurate placement of the implant fixture
-ability to determine osseous integration
-hemostasis

Laser operating in continuous-wave mode

AVERAGE POWER equals PEAK POWER for a:
-free-running pulsed laser
-laser with a 50% duty cycle
-laser operating in continuous-wave mode
-continuous-wave laser operating in super pulsed mode

pregnancy

Which of the following is a contraindication to laser therapy?
-lip balm
-supplemental oxygen
-pregnancy
-artificial heart valve

light brush strokes

the technique for troughing soft tissue for a crown preparation with an 810nm diode laser in contact mode is:
-punch technique
-light brush strokes
-defocused application
-non-initiated tip

2940nm

the laser wavelength with the highest absorption in water is:
-980nm
-1340nm
-2940nm
-10,600nm

800nm

the range of invisible, non ionizing infrared radiation begins at approximately:
-200nm
-400nm
-600nm
-800nm

infrared nonionizing

Diode 810nm to 1064nm lasers operate in which portion of the electromagnetic spectrum?
-ultraviolet nonionizing
-visible nonionizing
-visible infrared
-infrared nonionizing

black articulating paper

which of the following materials is used to initiate a diode tip?
-white paper
-latex glove
-2x2 gauze
-black articulating paper

tooth structure removal

when performing soft tissue surgery using a 9300nm laser in close proximity to the tooth structure, caution is advised to prevent:
-tooth structure removal
-photobiomodulation
-cementum regeneration
-teratogenic effects

cladding

which of the following is a component of an optical fiber?
-cleaver
-cannula
-hood
-cladding

mid-infrared

an erbium laser operates in which portion of the electromagnetic spectrum?
-ultraviolet ionizing
-mid-infrared
-far-infrared
-visible nonionizing

Rapidly boiling away inter-and intracellular fluid

Laser thermal energy vaporizes the tissue by:
-ionizing photonics interactions
-reducing cellular size
-selectively removing inorganic cellular components
-rapidly boiling away inter- and intracellular fluid

Perform soft tissue excisions

ER:YAG and Er,Cr:YSSG dental lasers can:
-diagnose caries
-operate in a continuous wave mode
-perform soft tissue excisions
-provide excellent hemostasis

avoid using reflective instruments

which of the following is the most essential safety factor in operating a CO2 10,600nm laser?
-avoid using reflective instruments
-use in super-pulsed mode
-use wavelength-specific safety glasses
-target soft tissue

no chromophore

which chromophore does an electrosurgical unit utilize?
-water
-hemoglobin
-melanin
-no chromophore

divergent

laser energy exiting a fiber is:
-collimated
-divergent
-focuses
-frequency-shifted

free-running pulse

which of the following is an emission mode that depends on the laser excitation source?
-focused
-defocuses
-non-contact pulse
-free running pulse

aphthous ulcer treatment

in which of the following procedures performed with a diode laser is a non-contact methodology preferred?
-aphthous ulcer treatment
-frenectomy
-gingivectomy
-sulcular debridement

Er:YAG 2940nm

which laser has a clinical indication for use for removal of sub gingival calculus?
-Nd:YAG 1064nm
-CO2 9300nm
-Diode 980nm
-Er:YAG 2940nm

measure within 1mm of the base of the pocket

When using a soft tissue laser to decontaminate the sulcus during laser bacterial reduction, it is important to:
-use in con-contact mode
-measure within 1mm of the base of the pocket
-make sure the tip is initiated
-use a mid-infrared wavelength laser

electrosurgery causes greater collateral damage

how do lased soft tissues compare to soft tissues treated with electrosurgery?
-lasers achieve longer-lasting hemostasis
-electrosurgery causes greater collateral damage
-electrosurgery causes less collateral damage
-the zone of necrosis is significantly increased with lasers

photobiomodulation

the mechanism of action of a non-initiated diode 940nm laser fiber on tissue is:
-photoacoustic
-photothermal
-photodynamic
-photobiomodulation

the ulcer will appear white when the treatment is complete

which of the following applies when treating an aphthous ulcer with diode lasers?
-the fiber should be kept in contact with the lesion
-allow heat accumulation in the ulcer
-the ulcer will appear white when the treatment is complete
-high-volume evacuation is used to cool tissue

Nd:YAG 1064nm

which laser is most likely to damage the surface of a titanium implant?
-Diode 980nm
-Nd:YAG 1064 nm
-Er:YAG 2940 nm
-CO2 10,600nm

cool the surgical site to minimize collateral damage

the primary purpose of the air and water spray of an Er,Cr:YSGG 2780nm laser is to:
-warm the surgical site to improve cutting speed
-cool the surgical site to minimize collateral damage
-coagulate the surgical site to decrease bleeding
-ablate the surgical site to increase charring

the amount of power per unit area

power density is:
-the amount of power per unit area
-the amount of power necessary to effect a phase transition
-the relative efficiency of converting input(pumping) power to output(laser) power
-the ability of a given wavelength to be focused more precisely

education of the clinician

the first step toward integration of lasers into a dental practice should be:
-discussing advantages and disadvantages with patients prior to procedures
-purchasing a dental laser
-education of the clinician
-reading peer-reviewed journals

ablation of tissue

Class IV lasers are capable of:
-caries diagnosis
-polymerization of composite
-digital images
-ablation of tissue

manufacturers recommendation

when is it necessary to calibrate an Nd:YAG laser?
-every 6 months
-annually
-it is not necessary
-manufacturers recommendation

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

In the USA, the origination that regulates or oversees marketing and/or use of lasers is the:
-American Dental Association (ADA)
-Academy of General Dentistry (AGD)
-Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
-Academy of laser dentistry (ALD)

invisible thermal region

In the electromagnetic spectrum, the Er,Cr:YSSG laser is in the:
-visible region
-ionizing region
-invisible thermal region
-invisible ultraviolet region

help increase ablation depth

the function of the water spray for the Er, Cr:YSSG 2780nm laser for hard tissue preparation is to:
-help increase ablation depth
-initiate the amber tip
-increase coagulation
-decrease interstitial fluid

CO2

which of the following dental lasers operates at the longest wavelength of the electromagnetic spectrum?
-CO2
-Nd:YAG
-Argon
-He-Ne

place into sharps container

what is the appropriate protocol for a cleaved quartz fiber?
-place into sharps container
-place in non-hazardous waste container
-wipe with disinfectant for reuse
-place in cold sterile for reuse

crown lengthening

which of the following is an indication for use of an erbium laser?
-crown lengthening
-composite curing
-amalgam removal
-zirconium restoration removal

fiber-optic cable

all surgical diode lasers use which delivery system?
-hollow waveguide
-articulated arm
-fiber-optic cable
-platimum cable

removal of denture epulis

CO2 10,600nm laser is indicated for:
-cavity preparation
-removal of denture epulis
-composite removal
-osseous crown lengthening

caries debridement

the CO2 9300nm laser has indications for use that include:
-removal of porcelain veneer
-careis debridement
-welding of non-precious alloys
-photopolymerization

it enables invisible laser beams to be directed at target tissue

what is the purpose of an aiming beam?
-it converts ionizing radiation to nonionizing
-it enables invisible laser beams to be directed at target tissue
-it keeps ionizing laser radiation within biologically tolerable limits
-it initiates certain soft tissue procedures

an oral pathology report

a laser-assisted biopsy requires:
-lesion removal
-laser and conventional cutting instruments
-no follow up
-an oral pathology report

laser-activated, selective-uptake initiators

photodynamic therapy involves:
-laser-activated, selective-uptake initiators
-deactivation of singlet oxygen in tissue
-high-power, low absorption wavelengths
-lasers in the ultraviolet range

Absorption

what is the primary desired effect of a laser on target tissue?
-adsorption
-absorption
-scatter
-reflection

instant blindness, headache, inability to focus

signs of accidental eye exposure to a laser beam include:
-plume, flashing light, bleeding
-"gritty" feeling, floaters, no pain
-instant blindness, headache, inability to focus
-odor, immediate pain, dryness of the eye

fixed in formalin

biopsy specimens removed with a dental laser first must be:
-evaluated by an oral pathologist
-dehydrated
-mounted with proper orientation
-fixed in formalin

Er, Cr:YSSG 2740nm

which of the following dental lasers has the capability of delivering laser energy simultaneously with air and water spray through its delivery system?
-CO2 10,600nm
-Er,Cr:YSSG 2740nm
-Nd:YAG 1064nm
-Diode 940nm

10.60

10,600nm expressed in microns is:
-1.06
-10.60
-106.00
-1060.00

ablation with a surrounding area of coagulation

when a laser is used with correct parameters for soft tissue incision, the resulting surgical area will contain a zone of:
-ablation with a surrounding area of coagulation
-coagulation with minimal ablation
-increased edema with necrosis
-ablation with carbonization

time of interaction of each pulse with the tissue

pulse duration relates to:
-energy density
-power level during an individual pulse
-time for tissue cooling
-time of interaction of each pulse with the tissue

melanin and hemoglobin

surgical diode lasers are best absorbed in:
-water and melanin
-melanin and hemoglobin
-hemoglobin and carbonated hydroxyapetite
-carbonated hydroxyapatite and water

B

which protective eyewear is appropriate for treating a patient with the diode 980nm laser?

Leukoplakia removal

Clinical indications for using a CO2 10,600nm laser include:
-photochemical stimulation
-osseous contouring
-Leukoplakia removal
-composite removal

hollow wave guide

CO2 dental laser beams are delivered by:
-quartz fiber
-platinum cable
-silica wave guide
-hollow wave guide

water

the diode 810nm laser is least absorbed by which chromophore?
-carbonated hydroxyapetite
-melanin
-hemoglobin
-water

C

Per ANSI guidelines, which of the following should be posted outside the operators when a diode 810nm laser is in use?

become desensitized

Aphthous ulcers treated with a laser:
-remain unaffected
-become sensitized
-are eliminated
-become desensitized

Nd:YAG 1064nm

which of the following lasers is most likely to cause retinal damage to the unprotected eye?
-Nd:YAG 1064nm
-Er,Cr:YSSG 2780nm
-Er:YAG 2940nm
-CO2 10600nm

fluorescence

Laser diagnosis of carious lesions employs the following effect:
-fluorescence
-near-infrared transmission
-confocal spectroscopy
-specular reflection

mitochondria

in photobiomodulation, light is absorbed in what part of the cell?
-nucleus
-mitochondria
-vacuole
-cytoplasm

the spot size is changed

when coagulum is removed from an initiated tip of a diode laser:
-cutting efficiency remains the same
-the spot size is changed
-the fiber needs to be cleaved
-reinitiation could be required

use of photosensitizing agents and light to kill cancer cells

which of the following treatments describes photodynamic therapy(PDT)?
-production of gas fumes when tissue is ablated
-use of photosensitizing agents and light to kill cancer cells
-emission of laser energy where the MPE is being exceeded
-use of light energy to ablate diseased pockets