ap world unit 8

Which of the following was an experience shared by the African leaders Nelson Mandela, Robert Mugabe, Jomo Kenyatta, and Kwame Nkrumah during the colonial period?

Responses

A

They studied at Soviet universities.

B

They were held as political prisoners.

C

They served in a colonial army.

D

They were Muslims.

E

They originally came from French colonies.

B

They were held as political prisoners.

Which of the following statements about Africa after 1946 is true?

Responses

A

Most African colonies gained national independence.

B

The Organization of African Unity resolved the issues that most African states found divisive.

C

Most African countries joined either NATO or the Warsaw Pact.

D

There was little postcolonial conflict in newly independent states.

E

Colonial patterns of trade disappeared.

A

Most African colonies gained national independence.

Which of the following is the basis for nearly all the boundaries of today's sub-Saharan African states?

Responses

A

Postcolonial conquests of one African state by another

B

Fragmentation of countries after they achieved independence from Europe

C

Decisions by European powers during the process of colonization

D

Precolonial linguistic groupings

E

International agreements mediated by the United Nations

C

Decisions by European powers during the process of colonization

After which event did the United States and the Soviet Union emerge as superpowers with respect to the rest of the world?

Responses

A

The United States Civil War

B

The promulgation of the Monroe Doctrine

C

The First World War

D

The Second World War

D

The Second World War

All of the following were policies pursued by both the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War EXCEPT

Responses

A

reliance on military alliances for national security

B

promotion of proxy wars in other states

C

centralized planning of the national economy

D

development of massive nuclear arsenals

C

centralized planning of the national economy

The map above shows the territorial arrangements in South Asia that resulted from

Responses

A

Akbar's expansion of the Mughal Empire

B

rival Arab trading empires

C

Dutch and Portuguese colonies

D

partition at the time of decolonization

E

treaties with Russia and China

D

partition at the time of decolonization

Anticolonial movements like the Congress Party in India and the Young Turks agreed on which of the following?

Responses

A

The need for reform in order to resist European imperialism

B

The desire to return their societies to an earlier preindustrial age

C

Their intent to engage in territorial expansion at the expense of their weaker neighbors

D

Their emphasis on purely linguistic nationalism

E

The need to persuade all anticolonial movements to cooperate with European socialist parties

A

The need for reform in order to resist European imperialism

Which of the following best explains why the Soviet Union was willing to undertake projects such as the one discussed in the passage?

Responses

A

The need to suppress armed resistance to Soviet rule in Central Asia

B

The mass migration of Turkmens and other Central Asians to Soviet Russia

C

Soviet embrace of economic liberalization and free-market principles

D

Pressure resulting from the need to keep pace with Western economic development during the Cold War

D

Pressure resulting from the need to keep pace with Western economic development during the Cold War

The title of the article best suggests that the author is responding to the arguments of which of the following?

Responses

A

Postcolonial and anti-imperialist thinkers

B

Advocates for radical feminism

C

Neoliberal economists and advocates of free-trade policies

D

Supporters of conservative nationalism

A

Postcolonial and anti-imperialist thinkers

The author's point of view regarding the West was likely influenced by which of the following developments at the time he was writing?

Responses

A

The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the end of the Cold War

B

The growing strength of environmental protest movements

C

The outbreaks of ethnic violence in Africa and Eastern Europe

D

The spread of the liberation theology movement in Catholic Latin American states

A

The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the end of the Cold War

The shaded areas on the map above of South Africa indicate

Responses

A

"Whites only" areas in the country

B

areas of the original Dutch settlements

C

the reserves, sometimes called Bantustans or African "homelands"

D

other independent African nations

E

areas set aside to commemorate the location of Great Zimbabwe

C

the reserves, sometimes called Bantustans or African "homelands"

Which of the following was most clearly NOT a consequence of the Second World War?

Responses

A

The independence of Brazil

B

The independence of Indonesia

C

The nuclear standoff between the Soviet Union and the United States

D

The democratic constitution of Japan

E

The division of Berlin

A

The independence of Brazil

Which of the following was a principal cause of the Cold War?

Responses

A

Proxy wars in Latin America

B

Competition for natural resources in Africa

C

The nuclear arms race

D

Conflicting capitalist and communist ideologies

D

Conflicting capitalist and communist ideologies

Césaire's interpretation of the nature of precolonial societies is most directly influenced by which of the following?

Responses

A

The capitalist principle that markets will self-regulate

B

The Marxist idea that early societies were classless

C

The Social Darwinist concept of the survival of the fittest

D

The totalitarian concept of the primacy of group interests over individual interests

B

The Marxist idea that early societies were classless

The development of the British cuisine described in the excerpted speech above is best seen as an example of which of the following?

Responses

A

The effects of migration by former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles

B

The spread of culture through new communication technology

C

The global spread of western popular and consumer culture

D

The resistance to immigration by nativist groups

A

The effects of migration by former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles

The implementation of which of the following policies in China best explains the trend shown on the chart after 1980 ?

Responses

A

Economic liberalization following the failure of Mao Zedong's economic programs

B

Increased persecution of government critics in the countryside during the Cultural Revolution

C

Expanding military spending on the navy following the discovery of natural resources in the South China Sea

D

Accepting economic assistance provided by international institutions such as the World Bank

A

Economic liberalization following the failure of Mao Zedong's economic programs

The Cold War rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union during the second half of the twentieth century was characterized by competition primarily over

Responses

A

religion and culture

B

the distribution of natural resources

C

ideology and economic structure

D

control of key trade routes

C

ideology and economic structure

Which of the following best supports the argument that colonialism was responsible for the lack of economic development in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East in the late twentieth century?

Responses

A

The tendency of former colonies to export raw materials

B

Corruption within the governments of former colonies

C

The presence of impoverished groups within industrialized states

D

The prosperity of some newly independent states

A

The tendency of former colonies to export raw materials

In order to achieve victory in China and Vietnam, Asian communists such as Mao Zedong and Ho Chi Minh did which of the following?

Responses

A

Relied on the leadership of educated urban elites and factory workers.

B

Retained key elements of Confucianism while deposing the traditional elites.

C

Gained the support of fascists in the Second World War to defeat local enemies.

D

Adapted their revolutionary theories to reflect the major concerns of the peasants.

D

Adapted their revolutionary theories to reflect the major concerns of the peasants.

Which of the following was the most significant factor that prevented many African states from achieving political stability in the decades after their independence?

Responses

A

Continued military intervention by former colonizing powers

B

Ethnic and religious conflicts caused by the inclusion of rival groups within the same borders

C

Lack of exploitable natural resources

D

Frequent attempts by the larger states to conquer their smaller neighbors

B

Ethnic and religious conflicts caused by the inclusion of rival groups within the same borders

The excerpt above was written in response to which of the following?

Responses

A

The use of Vietnamese laborers and soldiers by the French in the First World War

B

The end of the struggle for Vietnamese independence known as the Indochina wars

C

The failure of French colonizers to apply their ideals in Indochina

D

The rapid conquest of French Indochina by the Japanese during the Second World War

C

The failure of French colonizers to apply their ideals in Indochina

Increasing interest among historians about the topic analyzed in the passage could best be explained by which of the following?

Responses

A

The decolonization of Africa in the second half of the twentieth century

B

The reduction of tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union

C

The increasing economic globalization resulting from new transportation and communication technologies

D

The increasing migration of Africans and other formerly colonized people to Europe

A

The decolonization of Africa in the second half of the twentieth century

In China between 1958 and 1962, Mao Zedong's Great Leap Forward, an effort to make China an industrial power through mass collectivization of agriculture, is best understood as an example of

Responses

A

an attempt by China to win favor with policy makers in the United States

B

a free-market policy designed to position China as a major power in a globalizing economy

C

market communism in which the state increasingly cedes control to businesses run by Communist Party associates

D

a communist government exerting control over the national economy

D

a communist government exerting control over the national economy

Some historians have argued that the Haitian Revolution (1791—1804) marks the beginning of the process of decolonization that culminated in the dissolution of European colonial empires after the Second World War. Historians who take this position are likely to place the greatest emphasis on the importance of which of the following in the decolonization process?

Responses

A

The role of the desire for natural rights in independence movements

B

The role of European powers in encouraging revolts in each other's colonies as part of imperial rivalries

C

The role of economic liberalization in undermining the rationale for colonial empires

D

The role of indigenous economic patterns in fostering anticolonial movements

A

The role of the desire for natural rights in independence movements

The economic inequality described by Humboldt in the first paragraph was one of the primary reasons that many twentieth-century Latin American governments advocated for

Responses

A

the increased immigration of people of European ancestry

B

efforts to curb the emissions of greenhouse gases

C

providing incentives for their citizens to emigrate to the United States

D

programs to redistribute land and resources, often influenced by socialist ideology

D

programs to redistribute land and resources, often influenced by socialist ideology

Which of the following occurrences during the Cold War best supports the main contention of the passage above?

Responses

A

Both the United States and the Soviet Union actively sought ways to neutralize each other's nuclear missiles.

B

Both the United States and the Soviet Union armed and supported rival countries and factions in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

C

A large movement protesting the nuclear arms buildup developed in Western Europe and the United States.

D

Several nonaligned countries sought to obtain nuclear weapons technology.

B

Both the United States and the Soviet Union armed and supported rival countries and factions in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

In 1949, NATO was established so that Western leaders could counter

Responses

A

the perceived threat that the Soviet Union and its allies would spread communism

B

free-market advocates in the United States and Great Britain

C

the decolonization of Africa and nationalization of Western industry there

D

the growing power of developing countries in the United Nations

A

the perceived threat that the Soviet Union and its allies would spread communism

Which of the following is true of both India and China in the period from 1945 to 1990 ?

Responses

A

Both were colonies of a foreign power.

B

In the 1950s, leaders of both countries focused on industrial development.

C

Building an agricultural base was the top priority of both countries.

D

Both countries adopted free-trade policies in the 1960s.

E

Both societies quickly rejected traditional religious values.

B

In the 1950s, leaders of both countries focused on industrial development.

The experiences of soldiers such as those shown in the photograph most likely contributed to which of the following developments after 1918 ?

Responses

A

Conflict between Hindus and Muslims in India

B

The rise of authoritarian governments between the world wars

C

The idea that all Muslims should unite politically under the Ottoman sultan

D

Growing anti-imperial opposition in European colonies such as India

D

Growing anti-imperial opposition in European colonies such as India

The speech above by Nkrumah is best understood in the context of which of the following?

Responses

A

Twentieth-century transnational movements attempting to unite people across national boundaries

B

Competition between Cold War powers to influence the development of newly independent states

C

African and Latin American anti-colonial movements motivated by Enlightenment ideology

D

International economic institutions attempting to spread free market economics in the developing world

A

Twentieth-century transnational movements attempting to unite people across national boundaries

In the early twentieth century, nationalist movements in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East were led primarily by

Responses

A

the urban working class

B

the nobility

C

labor unions

D

landless peasants

E

educated urban elites

E

educated urban elites

Keshavarz' article best reflects the influence of which of the following ideologies on members of Iran's educated elite?

Responses

A

Communism

B

Political Islam

C

Nationalism

D

Anti-imperialism

C

Nationalism

During the negotiations to end British rule in India in the aftermath of the Second World War, British actions were ultimately most strongly influenced by which of the following arguments?

Responses

A

The argument in Source 1 that, for the British, "the concept of party government and parliamentary rule has become the ideal . . . for every country"

B

The argument in Source 1 that "to yoke together two such nations under a single state" would lead to "destruction"

C

The argument in Source 2 that "religious and cultural differences should not interfere with [Indians'] shared association with our homeland."

D

The argument in Source 2 that "the [Indian National] Congress . . . has made provisions for the protection of all religions, cultures, and languages in a future Indian state"

B

The argument in Source 1 that "to yoke together two such nations under a single state" would lead to "destruction"

In the second half of the twentieth century, the kind of tensions illustrated by the two sources would most directly lead to the emergence of which of the following in postcolonial Asian and African states?

Responses

A

Communist movements

B

Popular movements advocating the restoration of colonial rule

C

Movements advocating for regional autonomy

D

Famines and epidemics

C

Movements advocating for regional autonomy

The recommendation provided in the second paragraph is best explained in the context of which of the following historical situations in the aftermath of the Second World War?

Responses

A

The emergence of fascist states engaged in territorial expansion in Asia and Africa

B

The implementation of genocidal policies by totalitarian states

C

The creation of secret competing alliance systems by European powers

D

The attempts by Soviet officials to establish ideological ties with newly independent states

D

The attempts by Soviet officials to establish ideological ties with newly independent states

Which of the following best explains the purpose of the arguments expressed in the passage?

Responses

A

To influence Soviet government officials to adopt economic policies that would harm the Soviet Union

B

To influence United States government officials to adopt policies designed to avoid a major war

C

To convince world leaders to unite in order to stop the evils of communism

D

To convince Soviet citizens that the United States meant them no harm in the hopes of creating a sustainable peace

B

To influence United States government officials to adopt policies designed to avoid a major war

Which of the following best explains how the historical circumstances of Kennan's service as a diplomat in the Soviet Union influenced his point of view regarding the "Soviet structure of power" in the first paragraph?

Responses

A

He witnessed how the Soviet Union used its industrial capabilities to produce vastly more quantities of war equipment than Germany could produce.

B

He witnessed how German atrocities had turned ethnic groups within the Soviet Union who had initially opposed Stalin against the Nazis.

C

He witnessed how the Soviet Union's defeat of Nazi Germany allowed it to decide the fate of states in Eastern Europe that it occupied.

D

He witnessed how conflict between Germany and the Soviet Union allowed Stalin to further centralize his power and use Russian nationalism to mobilize the population.

D

He witnessed how conflict between Germany and the Soviet Union allowed Stalin to further centralize his power and use Russian nationalism to mobilize the population.

The slogans best illustrate which of the following actions of twentieth-century communist governments?

Responses

A

The use of subterfuge to undermine and discredit democratically elected governments

B

The adoption of repressive policies in order to impose one-party rule

C

The suppression of organized religion

D

The adoption of electronic surveillance technologies to suppress internal dissent

B

The adoption of repressive policies in order to impose one-party rule

A historian would most likely use the passage to research which of the following?

Responses

A

The spread of languages and culture by migrants living in ethnic enclaves in the receiving country

B

The use of nonviolent resistance methods against governments that demand cultural assimilation

C

The tactics used by authoritarian regimes to create economic self-sufficiency

D

The emergence of movements protesting the consequences of economic and cultural globalization

B

The use of nonviolent resistance methods against governments that demand cultural assimilation

Late-twentieth-century military conflicts such as the one referred to in the poem typically resulted from which of the following?

Responses

A

Mercantilist colonial policies

B

Social Darwinist philosophy

C

Negotiated decolonization

D

Nationalist resistance to imperialism

D

Nationalist resistance to imperialism

Which of the following aspects of the political context of the 1950s best explains the author's view of colonial wars expressed in the poem?

Responses

A

The memory of the destructive total wars of the early twentieth century

B

The intensification of anticommunist sentiment in the context of the Cold War

C

The beginning of European economic and political integration

D

The influence of United States mass media

A

The memory of the destructive total wars of the early twentieth century

The method of achieving political change advocated in the poem best illustrates which of the following practices used by reform movements in the twentieth century?

Responses

A

Nationalization and collectivization

B

Violence against civilians

C

Civil disobedience

D

Consumer boycotts

C

Civil disobedience

Which of the following developments in the period after 1945 could most directly be used as evidence to challenge the author's assertion regarding the effects of British rule in India in the first two paragraphs?

Responses

A

After achieving independence, India remained economically tied to Great Britain by joining the British Commonwealth of Nations.

B

Great Britain's divide-and-rule strategy in India deepened religious tensions, leading to a partition of India that resulted in millions of people dying or ending up as refugees.

C

After achieving its independence, India joined the Non-Aligned Movement, a group of nation-states that refused to side with either the United States or the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

D

Indian leaders adopted the policies of many other postcolonial states by using government resources and policy to guide economic development.

B

Great Britain's divide-and-rule strategy in India deepened religious tensions, leading to a partition of India that resulted in millions of people dying or ending up as refugees.

The fact that large numbers of South Asians migrated to Great Britain after the end of British rule could indirectly be used as evidence to support the author's arguments mostly because the migrations of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles in the late twentieth century demonstrate that

Responses

A

migrants from former colonies could expect to encounter little racial discrimination in imperial societies

B

migrants were attracted to many aspects of the cultural, political, and economic systems that imperial powers had brought to their colonies

C

migrants from former colonies quickly found lucrative jobs in imperial societies and could use their income to boost the fortunes of their families back home

D

migrants were quick to relinquish their cultural traditions upon settling in imperial societies

Answer B

B

migrants were attracted to many aspects of the cultural, political, and economic systems that imperial powers had brought to their colonies

All of the following statements about British rule in India in the twentieth century are factually accurate. Which could best be used as evidence to modify the author's claim about the "public benefits" of British rule in India in the second paragraph?

Responses

A

The British government in India often allowed different religious groups to use their own legal customs in civil matters such as marriage and divorce.

B

The British government in India developed educational institutions in which instruction was conducted in English, providing a common language that many Indians of diverse linguistic traditions used to communicate with each other.

C

British investment in infrastructure such as railways and roads provided the largest economic benefit to British companies operating in India rather than to ordinary Indians.

D

British companies cooperated with the British government to expand India's canal system

C

British investment in infrastructure such as railways and roads provided the largest economic benefit to British companies operating in India rather than to ordinary Indians.

Which of the following best explains how the historical situation in which Li Zhisui wrote his biography of Mao Zedong influenced Li's assessment of the experience of the Great Leap Forward?

Responses

A

Writing in the United States years after the events he described, Li Zhisui is free to offer his honest opinion, without fear of retaliation from the Chinese government.

B

Writing a biography of his former national leader, Li Zhisui is trying to portray Mao's policies from a loyal and sympathetic point of view.

C

Writing in the 1990s in the context of a deindustrializing United States economy, Li Zhisui is skeptical of the value of China becoming an industrial nation under Mao's rule.

D

Writing many years after the events he describes, Li Zhisui likely misremembers many of the actual details of the experience of Chinese industrialization under Mao's rule.

A

Writing in the United States years after the events he described, Li Zhisui is free to offer his honest opinion, without fear of retaliation from the Chinese government.

Li Zhisui's description of the actions of the local party secretaries in the third paragraph is significant because it can be most directly used to explain the ways in which individuals within communist China reacted to the government's

Responses

A

use of propaganda that advocated for spreading communist revolution in Western societies

B

implementation of cultural policies that attempted to suppress the practice of religion

C

use of physical violence against anyone seen as not fulfilling the mandates of the central Chinese leadership

D

glorification of peasant military contributions and suffering during the war with Japan

C

use of physical violence against anyone seen as not fulfilling the mandates of the central Chinese leadership

Which of the following best explains the significance of Li Zhisui presenting two contrasting views of the success of Mao's industrialization policy in the second and third paragraphs?

Responses

A

By doing so, Li Zhisui is trying to show that Mao's approach of copying Western methods of industrial production was finally proved to be a failure.

B

By doing so, Li Zhisui is trying to convince his audience that adopting Chinese agricultural methods was the only way to end the food shortages plaguing Third World countries.

C

By doing so, Li Zhisui is trying to illustrate the discrepancy between the reality of the resource redistribution policy and the facade communists created for propaganda purposes.

D

By doing so, Li Zhisui is trying to reject the Maoist argument that peasants can be used as substitutes for industrial workers in trying to increase a country's economic output.

C

By doing so, Li Zhisui is trying to illustrate the discrepancy between the reality of the resource redistribution policy and the facade communists created for propaganda purposes.

Which of the following most likely explains the Soviet Union's motivation for being involved in the Congo as described in the passage?

Responses

A

It wanted to establish its own colonies to extract natural resources for its industrial factories.

B

It wanted to take advantage of a regional conflict to expand its military power and ideological influence.

C

It wanted to expand its economic power by establishing free-trade agreements with dependent states.

D

It wanted to promote greater stability in Third World countries by ending regional conflicts.

B

It wanted to take advantage of a regional conflict to expand its military power and ideological influence.

The level of military engagement between Western nations and the Soviet Union referred to in the passage is best explained by which of the following developments after the Second World War?

Responses

A

The economic decline of communist states made it impossible for them to transport large armies to distant regions.

B

The ability of the United Nations to send peace-keeping forces limited the scale of the involvement of major military powers in regional conflicts.

C

The continued importance of resource-rich regions in Africa to economic development in the West and the Soviet Union discouraged them from engaging in large-scale conflicts that could cause vast destruction.

D

The possession of nuclear weapons by the United States and the Soviet Union made it too dangerous for Western nations and the Soviet Union to engage in large-scale military conflict with each other.

D

The possession of nuclear weapons by the United States and the Soviet Union made it too dangerous for Western nations and the Soviet Union to engage in large-scale military conflict with each other.

Which of the following explains the most significant difference between the circumstances of military competition between Western nations and the Soviet Union in developing regions such as Africa and the circumstances of military competition between Western nations and the Soviet Union in Europe in the late twentieth century?

Responses

A

Unlike in Africa, military competition between Western nations and the Soviet Union in Europe involved the establishment of rival military blocs.

B

Unlike in Europe, military competition between Western nations and the Soviet Union in Africa involved covert military actions by rival intelligence agencies.

C

Unlike in Europe, military competition between Western nations and the Soviet Union in Africa involved the establishment of puppet regimes.

D

Unlike in Africa, military compe

A

Unlike in Africa, military competition between Western nations and the Soviet Union in Europe involved the establishment of rival military blocs.

Mao Zedong and Mohandas Gandhi both appealed to which of the following as a base of support?

Responses

A

Warlords, wealthy landowners, and merchants

B

Westernized elites

C

Traditional rulers

D

Peasants

E

Urban factory workers

D

Peasants

The maps of Africa above best explain which of the following about African history in the twentieth century?

Responses

A

Why Islam has continued to spread in sub-Saharan Africa following decolonization

B

Why most African states achieved independence within a few years of one another

C

Why some former colonial powers have continued to intervene in the internal affairs of their former colonies after independence

D

Why African state-building efforts have been hindered by the persistence of political boundaries inherited from the colonial era

D

Why African state-building efforts have been hindered by the persistence of political boundaries inherited from the colonial era

The characterization of the traditional Chinese marriage system in Article 1 most likely reflects which of the following?

Responses

A

Chinese nationalists' emphasis on the unity of Chinese territory

B

The influence of Buddhist teachings on Chinese culture

C

Chinese elites' adoption of Western gender norms following the Opium Wars

D

The Marxist ideology of Mao Zedong's government in China

D

The Marxist ideology of Mao Zedong's government in China

The provisions in Articles 8 and 9 can best be used as evidence to support which of the following claims about women in China in the late twentieth century?

Responses

A

Women were an important part of the labor force that the government tried to recruit in implementing its economic policies.

B

The Chinese government strongly encouraged Chinese women to dedicate themselves only to raising their children.

C

Despite making some advances, Chinese women continued to have lower social status compared to men.

D

As more women were elected to leadership positions in China, they shaped legislature to address issues of special importance to women.

A

Women were an important part of the labor force that the government tried to recruit in implementing its economic policies.

Which of the following best explains why the movement described in the passage began after the Second World War?

Responses

A

The settlement of the conflict divided former German and Japanese colonies among the victorious Allied powers.

B

The racist ideology of the German Nazi regime spread in influence as a result of its early military success.

C

The defeat of the Axis powers required the Allies to grant political concessions in order mobilize colonial populations militarily and economically.

D

The Allied Western European states began to implement more active measures to intervene in the economy through the creation of extensive welfare states.

C

The defeat of the Axis powers required the Allies to grant political concessions in order mobilize colonial populations militarily and economically.

Which of the following best explains why the Soviet Union supported movements such as the one described in the passage?

Responses

A

The Soviets supported violent movements based on racial ideology.

B

The Soviets sought to aid movements that shared their religious ideology.

C

The Soviets believed that most colonized peoples were incapable of effective self-government.

D

The Soviets wished to undermine Western governments during the Cold War.

D

The Soviets wished to undermine Western governments during the Cold War.

The Mau Mau ideology described in the passage differed most significantly from that of the

Responses

A

communist Viet Minh in Vietnam, which sought to overthrow French colonial rule

B

Biafra separatist movement in Nigeria, which sought to create a new state within an independent Nigeria through armed insurrection

C

Hind Swaraj movement led by Gandhi in India, which sought to achieve an independent India through protest and civil disobedience

D

anti-apartheid movement in South Africa, which used both peaceful protest and armed violence to end rule by the descendants of Dutch and English settlers

C

Hind Swaraj movement led by Gandhi in India, which sought to achieve an independent India through protest and civil disobedience

"We shall not repeat the past. We shall eradicate it by restoring our rights in the Suez Canal. This money is ours. The canal is the property of Egypt."

The quotation above by Gamel Abdel Nasser (in power 1952-1970) was most influenced by

Responses

A

Soviet communism

B

Islamic thought

C

nationalism

D

constitutionalism

E

international law

C

nationalism

"We shall not repeat the past. We shall eradicate it by restoring our rights in the Suez Canal. This money is ours. The canal is the property of Egypt."

The quotation above by Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser (in power 1952-1970) best expresses support for

Responses

A

communism

B

liberalism

C

nationalism

D

imperialism

C

nationalism

Nationalist leaders in Africa and Asia, such as Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969), Jomo Kenyatta (1894-1978), and Kwame Nkrumah (1909-1972), had which of the following in common?

Responses

A

Defense of capitalism

B

Support for free-trade systems

C

Rejection of violent revolution

D

Opposition to colonial rule

D

Opposition to colonial rule

The founding North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is best understood in the context of which of the following?

Responses

A

The Cold War

B

The growth of a globalized economy

C

The establishment of the Nonaligned Movement

D

The post-Second World War population boom

A

The Cold War

Western-led military alliance systems such as NATO that emerged during the Cold War period sought to

Responses

A

prevent the spread of communism

B

encourage a foreign policy independent of the United States and the Soviet Union

C

create democratic governments worldwide

D

share nuclear technology with nonaligned nations

A

prevent the spread of communism

Nehru's expression of confusion and distress in the first paragraph is best understood in the context of which of the following?

Responses

A

The spread of the Great Depression from developed to developing nations

B

The devastation and suffering caused by the Second World War

C

Proxy wars between the United States and the Soviet Union

D

Violent conflict between Hindus and Muslims following the partition of India

B

The devastation and suffering caused by the Second World War

Which of the following most likely explains why Nehru was attracted to the ideas of both Gandhi and Marx?

Responses

A

Both were critical of colonial rule.

B

Both wanted greater government control over economic production.

C

Both advocated for nonviolent means of protest to achieve political aims.

D

Both promoted full gender equality.

A

Both were critical of colonial rule.

As outlined in the second paragraph, Nyerere's view of the contrast between African post-independence politics and the "Anglo-Saxon form of democracy" most directly explains why some African independence leaders

Responses

A

eventually embraced authoritarian forms of government, including Soviet-style socialism

B

opposed their countries joining the United Nations

C

failed to prevent the fracturing of their countries along ethnic and religious lines

D

embraced the concept of "Africa for the Africans" and sought to restrict the rights of European settlers

A

eventually embraced authoritarian forms of government, including Soviet-style socialism

The partition of British India in 1947 created the new Muslim state of Pakistan and the predominantly Hindu state of India. The immediate result of the drawing of new geographic boundaries was

Responses

A

a lasting nuclear nonproliferation pact between the newly created states

B

religious and ethnic violence that led to mass migrations and massacres

C

a peaceful transition to independence along the lines that Mohandas Gandhi, the nationalist and advocate of nonviolence, had envisioned

D

the peaceful annexation of Kashmir, a predominantly Muslim state, by Pakistan

B

religious and ethnic violence that led to mass migrations and massacres

The political position advocated by FARC in the passage is most consistent with which of the following in the twentieth century?

Responses

A

Communist efforts to redistribute agricultural land to peasants

B

The increasing use of violence against civilians to achieve political aims

C

Governments' joining regional economic blocs

D

The increasing globalization of consumer culture

A

Communist efforts to redistribute agricultural land to peasants

The relocation of Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan to India and Muslims from India to Pakistan between 1945 and 1955 reflects which of the following world historical processes?

Responses

A

The migration of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles

B

Population resettlement caused by redrawing former colonial borders

C

The development of ethnic enclaves as these migrants moved for work

D

The seasonal migration patterns associated with temporary work

B

Population resettlement caused by redrawing former colonial borders

Which of the following countries experienced the most rapid economic growth during the Second World War?

Responses

A

China

B

Germany

C

Japan

D

The Soviet Union

E

The United States

E

The United States

Which of the following best describes the main argument that Harris is making in the passage above?

Responses

A

Academic interest in Guevara's career and personality has led to renewed interest in his ideas among the general public.

B

The failure of the international community to provide effective economic assistance to Latin America has fueled interest in Guevara's ideas.

C

Governments in Latin America have shifted to the left in their attempts to adhere to the requirements of the World Bank and other international institutions.

D

Neoliberal governments in Latin America have reinterpreted Guevara's ideas to align with their policies.

B

The failure of the international community to provide effective economic assistance to Latin America has fueled interest in Guevara's ideas.

The religious tensions alluded to in Poem 2 would result most directly in which of the following?

Responses

A

The migration of many South Asians to Great Britain

B

The development of new syncretic belief systems in India such as Sikhism and Bahaism

C

The Japanese invasion of India during the Second World War

D

The population resettlement following the partition of South Asia into India and Pakistan after independence

D

The population resettlement following the partition of South Asia into India and Pakistan after independence

The views expressed by Chairman Gonzalo in the passage are best explained in the context of which of the following historical circumstances of the late twentieth century?

Responses

A

The expansion of the military-industrial complex in Latin American states

B

The rise of movements that challenged colonial rule in Latin America

C

The rise of separatist movements that demanded regional autonomy

D

The intensification of political conflicts between state and nonstate entities

D

The intensification of political conflicts between state and nonstate entities

Which of the following explains the most likely purpose of Gonzalo's answer to the second question in the interview?

Responses

A

To call for the prosecution of those responsible for mass violence in Peru

B

To challenge the continued political influence of Western states in Latin America

C

To justify the Shining Path's use of violence to achieve its political objectives

D

To appeal to politicians in Latin American states to adopt reforms to their respective political institutions

C

To justify the Shining Path's use of violence to achieve its political objectives

Which of the following would likely explain Gonzalo's theoretical discussion of the idea that "the party is not a mass party, though it has a mass character" during his answer to the first question?

Responses

A

His intended audience was indigenous peoples in impoverished areas of Peru who fought for the Shining Path movement.

B

His intended audience was leftist intellectuals in Latin America and other regions who sympathized with communist ideology.

C

His intended audience was liberal intellectuals in Latin American governments who knew little about the differences between Leninist and Maoist ideologies.

D

His intended audience was criminal organizations in Peru that had agreed to help the Shining Path movement.

B

His intended audience was leftist intellectuals in Latin America and other regions who sympathized with communist ideology.

Which of the following African countries continued to have a sizeable segment of the population with European ancestry in the 1990s?

Responses

A

Ethiopia

B

Egypt

C

Nigeria

D

Ghana

E

South Africa

E

South Africa

Which of the following led to the most dramatic change in the status of Chinese peasant women in the 1940's and 1950's?

Responses

A

The policies of Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kaishek) that attempted to give rural women more economic opportunities

B

Maoist policies that banned arranged marriages and made women an important part of the Communist women's movement

C

The Christian missionaries and their work among peasant families

D

The success of the Japanese during the occupation in making men and women equal participants in the economy

E

United Nation policies that provided women in rural China with resources and an education

B

Maoist policies that banned arranged marriages and made women an important part of the Communist women's movement

Tagore most likely makes a clear contrast between European and Asian states in order to

Responses

A

argue for the modernization of Asian empires like the Qing dynasty and Tokugawa Shogunate

B

oppose the proliferation of global wars such as the First World War

C

oppose the expansion of communism in Asia

D

provide a counterbalance to European colonialism in Asia

D

provide a counterbalance to European colonialism in Asia

Which of the following was a significant effect of Western imperialism in the twentieth century?

Responses

A

The decline of migrations to industrialized countries

B

The development of nationalism among colonized peoples

C

The conservation of the environment in colonized areas

D

The systematic deterioration in public health conditions

B

The development of nationalism among colonized peoples

Which of the following describes a major change in international relations in the 1980s and 1990s?

Responses

A

The rapid establishment of large overseas colonial empires by European powers

B

The disbanding of most regional political organizations

C

The decline in power of multinational corporations

D

The reduction of confrontations between communist and noncommunist countries

D

The reduction of confrontations between communist and noncommunist countries

Which of the following was the most immediate effect of the collapse of the communist regime in the Soviet Union?

Responses

A

United States involvement in wars in Iraq and Afghanistan

B

The Chinese communist government's institution of market-reform policies

C

The end of the Cold War

D

The expansion of the European Union to include countries in Eastern Europe

C

The end of the Cold War

A historian would find the 1931 Soviet poster above most useful in studying which of the following?

Responses

A

The proportion of women to men working in technically skilled professions in the Soviet Union

B

The effects of the introduction of commercial aviation on the Soviet economy

C

The official propaganda of gender equality in the Soviet Union

D

The degree of advancement of Soviet aviation technology relative to noncommunist countries

C

The official propaganda of gender equality in the Soviet Union

Which of the following was a significant long-term cause of the collapse of the Soviet Union during the late twentieth century?

Responses

A

Geopolitical rivalry between the Soviet Union and communist China

B

The dismantling of the Berlin Wall and the end of restrictions on emigrating from communist countries

C

The cost of the arms race between the Soviet Union and the United States

D

The establishment of the Non-Aligned Movement

C

The cost of the arms race between the Soviet Union and the United States