second great awakening, american culture & age of reform

Second Great Awakening

Series of religious revivals among Protestant Christians emphasizing righteous living and moral rectitude.

Methodists and Baptist preachers

Spread the Second Great Awakening rapidly through fervent preaching.

Market Revolution

Shifted focus to individual economic success and self-improvement.

Democratization

Growing desire for expanded inclusion in democratic processes, especially among lower white class.

Romanticism

Favored over rationalism, emphasizing warmth of emotion and desire.

Charles Grandison Finney

Preacher who emphasized moral salvation and societal moral reformation.

Enlightenment thought

European influence on American art, philosophy, literature, and culture.

Greek and Roman revival in architecture

Transition from restrained Georgian style to breathtaking domes and columns.

American literature

Emphasized themes of opportunity, danger, and mystery, launching the American fantasy genre.

Hudson River School

Captured the beauty and vastness of America, incorporating hints of innovation and civilization.

Transcendentalism

Emphasized human perfectibility and spirituality through nature, advocated by Emerson and Thoreau.

Utopian Communities

Groups like Shakers and Oneida that emphasized common property and human perfectibility through work.

Mormons

Devout group led by Joseph Smith, aiming to bring the teachings of Jesus back to their true purpose.

Temperance

Avoidance of alcoholic beverages

Abolitionism

Movement to end slavery

Women's Rights Movement

Advocated for gender equality

Seneca Falls Convention

1st women's national rights convention
Led by Lucretia Matt and Elizabeth Cady Stanon

Frederick Douglass

Escaped slave and great black abolitionist who fought to end slavery through political action

William Lloyd Garrison

Prominent white American abolitionist, journalist . Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator"

Radical abolitionism

Called for the immediate emancipation of all slaves

Declaration of Sentiments

stated that all men AND women are created equal. Written at the Seneca Falls Convention

Causes of the Second Great Awakening

1. Market Revolution
2. Democratization
3. Romanticism

teetotaler

person in favor of the complete banning of alcohol

American Colonization Society

A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there.

Horace Mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; "Father of the public school system"; a prominent proponent of public school reform

Education Reforms

1. lengthened academic year
2. pro training
3. higher salaries to teachers

Sojourner Truth

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women

19th Amendment (1920)

Gave women the right to vote

18th Amendment (1919)

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

cult of domesticity

idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands

Cotton Gin, 1793

Eli Whitney's invention that sped up the process of harvesting cotton. Increased demand for slaves