(2) MED TERM gastroenterology

gastroenterology is

is the branch of medicine specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and conditions affecting the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which includes the organs between the esophagus and rectum. the branch of medicine specializing in conditions of gastrointestinal system.

conditions often treated by a gastroenterologist

bleeding, cancer, infections, nutritional disorders, inflammatory disorders, diverticulosis, gallbladder disease, liver disease, gastroesophageal reflux, and ulcers

gastroenterologist

physician specialized in treating diseases and conditions of gastrointestinal tract

gastrointestinal system

digests food and absorbs nutrients; organs include mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, and anus; also called digestive system. responsible for the digestion of food eaten and the absorption of the nutrient molecules.

the processes occur as food passes through the organs of the gastrointestinal tract;

the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) and large intestine (cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, and anus)

pharynx

passageway that conducts air from nasal cavity to trachea and also carries food and drink from mouth the esophagus; divided into three section; nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx(throat)

esophagus

tube that carries food from pharynx to stomach

stomach

J-shaped muscular organ of digestive system; contains hydrochloric acid; begins digestive process by mixing food received from esophagus with acid; watery mixture, called chyme, leaves stomach and enters duodenum

small intestine

consists of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum; receives chyme from stomach; delivers remainder of digested food to large intestine

duodenum

first section of small intestine; location where digestion is completed after chyme mixes with digestive juices from pancreas and gallbladder

jejunum

middle portion of small intestine

ileum

third portion of small intestine

large intestine

consists of cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, and anus; receives remains of digested food from small intestine; reabsorbs water and produces feces for elimination

cecum

first portion of colon; blind pouch off beginning of large intestine; appendix grows out of end of cecum

rectum

area at end of digestive tube for storage of feces that leads to anus

anus

terminal opening of digestive tube

Digestion also requires the assistance of accessory organs:

liver, gallbladder, pancreas

anus CF

an/o

appendix CF

append/o

appendix CF

appendic/o

bile CF

chol/e

bile duct CF

cholangi/o

gallbladder CF

cholecyst/o

common bile duct CF

choledoch/o

colon CF

col/o, colon/o

diverticulum CF

diverticul/o

duodenum CF

duoden/o

intestine CF

enter/o

esophagus CF

esophag/o

stomach CF

gastr/o

liver CF

hepat/o

ileum CF

ile/o

jejunum CF

jejun/o

abdomen CF

lapar/o

pancreas CF

pancreat/o

polyp CF

polyp/o

rectum and anus CF

proct/o

rectum CF

rect/o

sigmoid colon CF

sigmoid/o

weight CF

Bar/o

blood CF

hemat/o

groin CF

inguin/o

stone CF

lith/o

nose CF

nas/o

pain S

-algia, -dynia

protrusion S

-cele

vomiting S

-emesis

pertaining to vomiting S

-emetic

abnormal condition S

-iasis, -osis

medical specialty S

-iatric

cutting into S

-otomy

surgically create an opening S

-ostomy

digestion S

-pepsia

eating, swallowing S

-phagia

drooping S

-ptosis

discharge S

-rrhea

surgical crushing S

-tripsy

internal anal sphincter def

ring of involuntary smooth muscle that controls opening and closing orfice to eliminate feces

external anal sphincter def

ring of voluntary skeletal muscle that controls opening and closing of anal orifice to eliminate feces

appendix def

small outgrowth at end of cecum; contains lymphatic tissue; reservior for beneficial intestinal bacteria

common bile duct def

carries bile from gallbladder to duodenum

combining form mean bile duct and def

cholangi/o

Part of a series of tubes that transport bile between the liver, gallbladder, and duodenum

combining form meaning gallbladder and def

cholecyst/o

Organ that stores bile produced by liver; releases bile into duodenum via common bile duct as needed

common bile duct combining form and def

choledoch/o

Main duct that transports bile from liver or gallbladder to duodenum

colon combining form and def

col/o

Receives undigested food from small intestine; allows for water to be reabsorbed into body; what remains are called feces; colon is divided into ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon; term large intestine includes cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, and anus

ascending colon

section of colon following cecum; ascends right side of abdomen

transverse colon

section of colon that crosses upper abdomen from right side of body to left

descending colon

section of colon that descends left side of abdomen

sigmoid colon

final section of colon follows S-shaped path and terminates in rectum

what does the large intestine include

includes cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, and anus

cecum

first portion of colon; blind pouch off beginning of large intestine; appendix grows out of end of cecum

duodenum CF

duoden/o

intestine CF

enter/o

esophagus CF

esophag/o

lower esophageal sphincter

a ring of muscle that closes to prevent acidic gastric acid from splashing up into esophagus

stomach CF

gastr/o

chyme

semisoft mixture of food and digestive fluids that pass from stomach into small intestine

bile

substance produced by liver and stored in gallbladder; transported to duodenum by common bile duct; aids fat digestion by breaking up large fat globules into smaller fat particles

hepatic duct

leads from liver to common bile duct; transports bile

cystic duct

leads from gallbladder to common bile duct; carries bile

abdomen CF

lapar/o

sigmoid colon CF

sigmoid/o

antacid

Medication used to neutralize stomach acids

antidiarrheal

Medication used to control diarrhea

antiemetic

Medication to treat nausea, vomiting, and motion sickness

ascites

Accumulation of fluid in abdominal cavity

bariatric surgery

Group of surgical procedures designed to treat extreme obesity by reducing the size of the stomach or diverting food from passing through a portion of the GI tract

barium enema (BE)

X-ray examination of large intestine using barium as contrast medium; also known as lower GI series

cirrhosis

chronic liver disease

colorectal cancer

Cancerous tumor originating in the lining of the colon or rectum.

constipation

Difficulty passing a bowel movement (BM) or infrequent bowel movements

crohn’s disease

Chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with mucous membrane ulcers; most often found in ileum; also called regional ileitis

diarrhea

Passing frequent, watery, or bloody bowel movements

dysentery

Acute intestinal condition with pain, diarrhea, and blood and mucus in stool; usually caused by bacterial or parasitic infection

esophageal atresia

Congenital lack of the connection between esophagus and stomach; food cannot enter stomach

esophageal varices

Varicose veins in esophagus; result in massive bleeding if rupture

fecal occult blood test (FOBT)

Clinical lab test for presence of small amounts of blood in feces; also called hemoccult test or stool guaiac test

gastric banding

One type of bariatric surgery; a restrictive band (commonly called a lap-band) is placed around the stomach; prevents stomach from expanding to hold a large amount of food, leading to smaller meals

gastric bypass

One type of bariatric surgery; a major portion of stomach is surgically disconnected from the GI tract (but not removed from the body); leaves esophagus emptying food into a small gastric pouch, which then empties into the duodenum; commonly called stomach stapling

gastric stapling

One type of bariatric surgery; closes off a large section of the stomach with rows of staples; results in a smaller stomach that cannot hold a large meal