Bio 121 exam 1 (chapters 1-5)

isomers

chemical compounds that have the same elements and same proportion but different structure

valence

how many electrons an element needs to be complete

diffusion

molecules moving among each other

gradient

difference in concentration

osmosis

water moves across a semi-permiable gradient to even out

hypothesis

tentative statement about the natural world

theory

a broad intellectual framework for understanding some area of the natural world, built of many tested hypothesis, which guides our research and generates new hypothesis

law

a relationship, usually in a mathematical equation, usually not able to be disproven

hydroxyl group

polar (base or acid)

carbonyl group

non-polar (acidic)

carboxyl group

non-polar (acidic)

amino acid

polar (acidic or base)

methyl group

non-polar

eukaryotic cell

plants, animals, fungi, amiba

have nucleus, organelles, and cytoskellaton

like a house it has a complex interior

prokaryotic cell

bacteria

do not have a nucleus

like a dorm with little interior structure

nucleus

largest and easiest to see

contains chromosomes

HEAD QUARTERS

endoplasmic reticulum

“network inside the cell stuff”

proteins in macro molecules

FACTORY

Golgi apparatus / Golgi body

made of mebraines (phospholipis)

SHOPPING CENTER

lysosomes

made in Golgi body

contains enzymes

breaks down macromolecules

RECYCLING CENTER

mitochondria

cellular respiration

has its own DNA

POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL

chloroplast

plants and algae

photosynthesis

have it own DNA

plant cell vacuole

water balance

cytoskeleton

It provides structural support to the cell, helps with cell movement, organizes organelles within the cell, and facilitates intracellular transport

“cell infostructure”

cell membrane

-made from phospholipids and is semi-permiable, liquidy

-small non-polar things pass EASY

-medium non-polar CAN pass

-large non-polar molecules or any polar/charged particles CAN NOT PASS

fluid mosaic model

shows how proteins move through membrane unless anchored to cytoskeleton

hypotonic solution

too much water

lysed (burst cell)

isotonic solution

normal cell

even water in and out

hypertonic solution

not enough water

shriveled

channel proteins and carrier proteins

allow things to move through the membrane that typically couldn’t

passive transport

doesn’t require energy

relies on the second law of thermodynamics to drive the movement of substances across cell membranes.

active transport

requires energy

endocytosis

“inside cell process”

exocytosis

whats inside cell gets pushed out

hormones

used for long distance signalling

neurotransmitter

used for short or “local” distance

integral protein

membrane protein

imbeded within membrane

peripheral protein

membrane protein

loosely attached to membrane surface

dehydration reaction

take water out to form a bond

OH (hydroxyl group) + H

hydrolysis

adding the H2O to break a bond

HYDROGEN BOND

reversable reaction

A + B can react to make C + D and in reverse C + D can react to make A + B

EX: water evaporating

element

pure substance made of one type of atom

compound

substance formed by chemically combining two or more different elements in fixed proportions

atomic number

each element has a specific number of protons

covalent bond

sharing electrons between atoms

STRONG

ionic bond

electron transfer from ions + and - charges attach

SEMI-STRONG

hydrogen bond

attraction of + and - charges in polar molecules

WEAK

denaturing proteins and amino acids

use heat

chemical bonding

strongly formed when sharing electrons between two atoms

long chain molecules

carbon forms strong covalent bonds with other carbons allowiing it to make long chain molecules

macromolecules

large, complex molecules that are made up of smaller molecules called monomers

cells attaching

cells can attach through a specialized protein called CAMs (cell adhesion molecule)

cell membrane

protects the cells organelles from the outside

a plant cell has a cell wall instead

PH scale / logarithmic scale

1-14

7 is neutral

the lower numbers (1-6) are more acidic

the higher numbers (8-14) are more alkaline

EX: PH of 7

-10^-7 —> 1 in 1,000,000 is a hydrogen ion