APWHM - Chapter 7

Holy Roman Empire - Established in 962 by Otto I's coronation.

Investiture Controversy - Power struggle between Emperor Henry IV and the pope.

Battle of Hastings - 1066 battle leading to Norman rule in England.

Pope Gregory VII - Reigned 1073-1085, known for church reforms.

First Crusade - 1096-1099 campaign to reclaim Jerusalem from Muslims.

Eleanor of Aquitaine - Influential queen of France and England, 1122-1204.

Frederick Barbarossa - Holy Roman Emperor, reigned 1152-1190, clashed with papacy.

St. Dominic - Founder of the Dominican Order, 1170-1221.

St. Francis - Founded the Franciscan Order, devoted to poverty.

Saladin - Recaptured Jerusalem in 1187, prompting the Third Crusade.

Fourth Crusade - 1202-1204 crusade ending in the sack of Constantinople.

St. Thomas Aquinas - Key medieval theologian, 1225-1274, harmonized faith and reason.

Marco Polo - Venetian explorer, traveled to China, 1271-1295.

Fall of Constantinople - 1453 event marking the end of the Byzantine Empire.

Political Stability (c. 1000) - Shift from medieval anarchy to economic growth.

Byzantine Empire Challenges - Faced internal struggles and external invasions.

Turkic-Speaking Peoples - Nomadic groups expanded into Byzantine territories.

Crusades' Cultural Impact - Enriched Europe through economic and cultural exchanges.

Agricultural Innovations - Horse collar and new crops boosted productivity.

Technological Innovations - Gunpowder and printing press transformed Europe.

Venice's Trade Power - Dominant Mediterranean hub linking various economies.

Greek Culture Reintroduction - Revived interest in philosophy and luxuries.

Roots of the Renaissance - Trade and cultural exchanges sparked Greco-Roman revival.

Chivalric Code - Ideals for knights emphasizing bravery and loyalty.

Role of Troubadours - Poet musicians spreading cultural ideas through songs.

Urban Growth - Expansion of towns led to reduced noble control.

Guilds - Associations regulating trade and protecting members' interests.

Cathedral Schools - Early centers of learning focusing on Latin education.

Universities - Institutions offering advanced education beyond cathedral schools.

Rediscovery of Aristotle - Influenced Christian thought by merging with theology.

Sacraments - Essential religious practices believed to grant salvation.

Pilgrimages - Religious journeys to sacred sites for spiritual benefits.

Mendicant Orders - Religious groups emphasizing poverty and preaching.

Heresies - Groups rejecting church authority for purer Christianity.