Final

Ethical Altruism

an action is morally right if the consequences of that action are more favorable than unfavorable to everyone except the agent

Another term commonly referred to teleological theory is

Consequentialist

Under ____, we must understand what our moral duties are and the correct rules which regulate those duties

Deontological

Social Responsibility

both moral and legal accountability for individuals and organizations toward society

Study of values that guide individual decision-making

Ethics

When actions are judged morally right based upon how well they conform to some set of duties, then ____ ethical theory is applied

deontological

Normative or Ethical Relativism is

what a person or group considers right for them

_____ identified psychosocial methods that he collectively calls "moral disengagement"

Bandura

The outer layer of one's own values are

permeable/non-constant

Moral disengagement refers to

a deviation from ethical ideals

This theory is characterized primarily by a focus on consequences which any action might have

Teleological

If one considers to practice absolute ethics, and the point on the line shifts with any decision, then the point usually returns to original ideal, absolute position

false

Shields (2015) used sections of the following except which instrument in this study

moral diffusion and disassociation scale

Shields and Bredemeier (1995) found many athletes though about morals in sports differently than morals in most other contexts. They argued athletes used less mature forms of moral reasoning than they do in other contexts of everyday life. This was known as

bracketed morality

18th century philosophers wanted a quick way to morally assess an action by appealing to experience rather than gut intuitions, this theory is

teleological

Utilitarianism

an action is morally right if the consequences of that action are more favorable to everyone

One cannot determine values, beliefs, and growth without

choices

Moral reasoning is

process of making a correct and fair decision

A theory in which much less emphasis placed on which rules people should follow and instead focus on the development of good character traits

Virtue Ethics

Ethics falls under which philosophy

Axiology

____ theory is derived from duty theories that base morality on specific, foundational principles of obligation

d. deontological

this theory can also be called consequentialist theory

a. Teleological

In order to make the correct moral choices, we simply need to understand what our moral duties are and what correct rules exist which regulate those duties. this theory is

c. Deontological

Our values typically are ___ changing and ___ permeable going outward from the core

more, more

Relative ethics is also known as ___ ethics

situational

ethical relativism

each individual states what is right and wrong

ethics ___; whereas morals ___

set of theories or principles that determines right and wrong; involves the practice of these principles

____ ethical theories on the development of good character traits

virtue ethics

Ethical Egoism

an action is morally right if the consequences of that action are more favorable than unfavorable only to the agent performing the action.

the process of making a correct or fair decision

ethical reasoning

Opportunities for African-Americans as head coaches in all NCAA divisions were

between 4-9%

For head coaching jobs of women's team in Divisions I-III, females held ___%, ___%, ___% respectively

39, 35, 44

In collegiate sports, hiring practices in 2017 for racial diversity ___ from the 2016 College Sports Race and Gender Report Card

slightly decreased

From the 2017 report card, college sports gender hiring practices ___ form the previous year

slightly increased (2%)

The 2017 NCAA Div I FBS Leadership College Racial and Gender report card: college athletic leadership received an ___ thus confirming it's dominated by white men

D+

There were over ___ participants in the Wehner (2018) sport orientation study bring much strength to the overall statistical analysis

1700

For assistant athletic directors positions, people of color ___ in all 3 NCAA divisions

decreased

At NCAA headquarters, the professional administrator level (or entry level jobs), people of color employed was ___% reported

19

There were 14 African Americans, 7 Latinos, 1 Asian, 0 Native Americans, and 8 white women who were ___ of FBS schools

athletic directors

In the Wehner study, statistical analysis included t-tests and ANOVAs to analyze potential differences between the demographic ___ variables and SOQ ___ variables

Independent, dependent

In all NCAA divisions, there were ___ female and ___ male

43.9, 56.14

At NCAA headquarters, percent of women ___ at senior and director levels, and ___ at the professional admin level

increased slightly, decreased slightly

"_____ were so underrepresented as head coaches in NCAA division III, that the percentage of ___ coaching men's teams was higher than African Americans coaching men's teams

African Americans, females

Additionally, gender in sport research reflects a sex difference in underlying sports interest, not merely differences in opportunities for engagement

true

The 2017 report noted some progress for gender hiring as conference commissioners. There were ___ women as conference commissioners in all division I (only 1 female in FBS)

10

In the Wehner article, which minority group was found to have the lower scores of sport orientation, or sport competitiveness

Asian Americans

At NCAA headquarters, number of people of color (4) in senior positions ___ in 2017 from previous year

remained the same

In division I, African American women held ____ of the senior women's administrator positions. Latinas held ___, while Asian/Pacific Islanders held ___

13.8, 2,5, .9

In the Wehner (2018) article, the researchers found ___ more competitive than ___

females, males

In 2016-17, there were only ___% of female athletic directors in division I, a(n) ____ from 2015-16

11.2, increase

From all Division I conferences (30) commissioners (excluding HBCUs), ___ are white

28

From the Wehner article, Generation X research indicates that ___ tend to be more outcome-oriented while ___ are more goal-oriented

males, females

Scholarly evidence does not show a substantial gender difference in sports participation and spectatorship

false

In the Formentin (2014) article, Carroll (1979) adopted the widely used definition of corporate social responsibility (CSR), the social responsibility of business encompasses the ,,____, and ___ expectations that society has organization at a given point in time

economic, legal, ethical, & discretionary

Some authors mention the notion that CSR is regarded as a public relations function

true

Others see CSR as a practice that creates opportunities to establish public relations as a

strategic management function

To assist CSR efforts, such resources commonly used for professional leagues and franchises are

media, faculty, and high-profile athletes and coaches

____ is an example of a league-wide, mandated initiative for CSR

NBA's Read to Achieve

Professional sport organizations engage in CSR because executives recognize they have valuable and rare resources at their disposal

true

Levermore (2013) states, _____ occurs when sport teams, leagues, and bodies implement CSR strategies that cover up, ignore, or draw attention away from cheating, corruption or otherwise unethical behaviors in their sport or even their team

greenwashing

Formentin (2014) argues that using CSR as a strategic approach to enhance competitive advantages, brand identity, reputation, and _____ for their products undermines social responsibility practices

consumer activity

As opposed to conceptualized CSR within normative ethics frameworks, the Formentin (2014) presents ethics of care as a more beneficial normative theory for conceptualizing good CSR practices that embrace ____ with partners

relationship-building

The author presents ___ as a more beneficial normative theory for conceptualizing good CSR practices in the ethics of care study

ethics of care

From the Formentin (2014) study, nonprofits can yield direct benefits from teams including awareness, reach, and ___

credibility

Formentin (2014) focused her study on ethics of care, instead of focusing on character based ethics, care focuses on ethics as ____ developed and governed by responsibilities

relationally

Care values the ___ of daily life, while embracing the arbitrariness of lived experience

emotional experiences

The author, who started as an NHL intern, was interested in this study to better understand the ___ of CSR

non-profit perspective

Further discussion on ethics of greenwashing practices are those actions are those actions that are taken in relationships to support others

false

___ is the most widespread and popular form of gambling in America

sports

The NCAA has recently stated they will allow legalized gambling states to host NCAA competitions

true

In Weiss's study, the notion of former athletes' competitive propensity to engage in gambling behaviors may not suffice after their organized playing days are over

false

Gambling on sports is obviously a product of the growth of organized sports from the mid-nineteenth century

true

The Weiss study found ___ sampled had significantly higher frequencies of pathological gambling bx

former athletes

Of the 300 participants in Weiss's (2008) study, ___ were considered pathological gamblers, from the former athlete category

7.3%

____ scores were relatively high (M-4.565) would classify them as a problem gambler as found in Weiss (2008).

former

In the Weiss (2008) study, ___ would likely take part in gambling activities in a recreational manner, not necessarily a compulsory, addictive bx

non-athletes, current athletes

From the Weiss (2008) study, ___ had significantly higher frequencies (M=1.433)(12%) of pathological gambling bx than ____ scores (M=.680)(3.3%)

males, females

From the Wann (2015) study, ___ females stated they would never gamble compared to ___ for males if sport gambling is legalized

48%, 32%

Wann's (2015) study concluded women were more likely to report that wagering would have no impact or add a bit of excitement while men were more likely to report that it would add a great deal of excitement or be a distraction

true

Looking at entire sample, Wann found ___ of the participants expected wagering to have no impact on their experience

less than 25%

For Wann (2015), sport wagering has also been found to be a ___ activity to sports events

complementary

One limitation in the Wann (2015) study, the authors stated many of their respondents were ___, and consequently, may have under-reported their gambling activities

underage

It appears from the Wann study, __ would be __ sensitive and responsive to changes in public policy legalizing sport gambling

males, most

Just ___ of the sample indicated that wagering would serve as a distraction in the Wann study

20%

Males reported with much higher frequency that the ___ legalization of sport gambling would result in ___ gambling

increased, increased

Current NCAA policy dictates gambling on any sports is prohibited by

all players and athletic department staff

Moral reasoning is defined as

a process of evaluating personal values and developing moral principles by which to live

Beller and Stoll (1995) found moral reasoning of youth, interscholastic, and intercollegiate athletes is ___ than that non-participants

more courageous, logical, and impartial

The third step, according to Kohlberg (1981) is moral ___ which is how each individual behaves

action

In moral development studies, Stoll & Beller found ___ score lower than ___ peers on moral development inventories

males, females

Moral reasoning scores for athletic populations steadily ___ from the 9th grade through university age, whereas scores for non-athletes tend to ___

decline, increase

Relating to moral development in sport studies, Stroll & Beller concluded "while sport does build character if defined as

loyalty, dedication, sacrifice, and teamwork

Stoll & Beller continued "sport does not build moral character in the sense of __"

honesty, responsibility, and justice

Athletes at the NCAA DI level have been found ___ ethical than those at the NCAA DIII level

less

Basketball Coaches Association survey found responses to "my teammate would expect me to cheat if it meant the difference in winning a game." NCAA DI scores ___% compared to DIII scores ___

46%, 26%

"Bad morality tends to defeat good morality; unfairness tends to encourage unfairness." this is known as

Gresham's Law

Results of over 60,000 athletes surveyed, Tutko & Ogilive found evidence that athletic competition

limits growth in areas of honesty, responsibility, and fairness

Identify the author who said, "Be more concerned with your character that your reputation, character is what you really are: reputation is merely what you are perceived to be"

John Wooden

Moral development in sport authors stated, sports participation does not build character, disciple or self-esteem, and other achievement related qualities in young men and women, rather it ___ (Eitzen).

provides an outlet for those that already have these positive traits

Athletic competition has ___ beneficial effects than intense endeavors in any other fields. Success, in sport or elsewhere, comes only to those who already are mentally fit, resilient, and strong (Alger).

no more