US Honors Final SM1 Study Guide

Plessy v. Ferguson

A landmark 1896 Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the doctrine of 'separate but equal.'

Literacy Tests

Tests requiring voters to demonstrate reading and comprehension skills, often administered in a discriminatory manner to disenfranchise Black voters.

Poll Taxes

Fees required to vote, preventing many poor Black Americans and some poor whites from participating in elections.

Grandfather Clause

A law exempting individuals from literacy tests or poll taxes if their ancestors had been eligible to vote before a certain date, benefiting poor white voters.

Andrew Carnegie

An American industrialist who expanded the steel industry in the late 19th century, known for his use of vertical integration and philanthropy.

John D. Rockefeller

Founder of the Standard Oil Company, known for dominating the oil industry and employing horizontal integration.

Knights of Labor

A major labor organization in the 19th century that advocated for social and economic reforms, including an eight-hour workday and equal pay.

AFL (American Federation of Labor)

A federation of craft unions founded in 1886, focused on practical goals like higher wages and better working conditions, excluding unskilled workers.

Chinese Exclusion Act

An 1882 federal law prohibiting the immigration of Chinese laborers, marking the first law to restrict a specific ethnic group.

Political Machines

Political organizations led by a 'boss' that controlled local governments, providing services in exchange for votes, often engaging in corruption.

Populist Party

A party formed in the 1890s advocating for the economic interests of farmers and workers, proposing reforms like bimetallism and government ownership of railroads.

Progressive Movement

A period of social activism and political reform from the 1890s to the 1920s aimed at addressing the issues of industrialization, urbanization, and corruption.

Jacob Riis

A social reformer and journalist known for exposing the harsh living conditions of the urban poor in his book 'How the Other Half Lives'.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

A 1911 industrial disaster in New York City that resulted in 146 deaths, highlighting unsafe working conditions and prompting labor reforms.

16th Amendment

An amendment to the U.S. Constitution authorizing federal income tax.

17th Amendment

An amendment establishing the direct election of U.S. Senators by popular vote.

18th Amendment

An amendment that prohibited the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol (Prohibition).

19th Amendment

An amendment granting women the right to vote.

Federal Reserve

The central banking system of the United States, established in 1913 to manage monetary policy and provide financial stability.

Recall

A progressive electoral reform allowing citizens to remove elected officials from office through a direct vote.

The Jungle

A novel by Upton Sinclair that exposed unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry, influencing food safety regulations.

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to advocate for civil rights and eliminate racial discrimination.

Theodore Roosevelt

The U.S. President known for his conservation efforts and establishment of national parks and forests.

Jane Addams

A prominent social reformer who co-founded Hull House to support working-class immigrants and advocate for social issues.

Social Gospel Movement

A Christian movement that applied ethics to social problems, emphasizing social justice and reform.

Spanish-American War

A 1898 conflict between the U.S. and Spain that resulted in American territorial gains and established the U.S. as a world power.

Yellow Journalists

Journalists who used sensationalism and exaggerated stories to increase sales during the late 19th century.

Open Door Policy

A U.S. policy aimed at ensuring equal trade rights for all nations in China and preventing monopolization.

Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

The killing of the Archduke of Austria-Hungary, triggering World War I.

Zimmerman Telegram

A secret German proposal for a military alliance with Mexico that intensified U.S. anti-German sentiment before entering WWI.

Espionage Sedition Act

Laws enacted during WWI that restricted freedom of speech, making it illegal to criticize the government or war effort.

Woodrow Wilson's slogan, 'He kept us out of war'

Wilson's campaign slogan during the 1916 election, highlighting his isolationist policies before entering WWI.

Treaty of Versailles

The peace treaty that ended WWI, imposing harsh penalties and reparations on Germany.

Great Migration

The movement of Black Americans to northern cities for work during and after WWI.

Sacco and Vanzetti Trial

The controversial trial and execution of two Italian anarchists in the 1920s, seen as politically motivated.

Flappers

Young women in the 1920s who defied traditional norms with their fashion and lifestyle choices.

Palmer Raids

Law enforcement actions targeting alleged radicals during the Red Scare in the early 1920s.

Consumerism and Credit in the 1920s

The rapid growth of consumer culture fueled by new products and the availability of credit.

Radio in the 1920s

A mass communication medium that revolutionized entertainment and information distribution.

Immigration Act of 1924

A law that severely restricted immigration based on national origins, reflecting nativist sentiments.

New KKK

The resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s, promoting white supremacy and nativism.

Nativist Movement in the 1920s

A policy favoring native-born Americans and opposing immigration, resulting in restrictive immigration laws.

Harlem Renaissance

A cultural movement in the 1920s celebrating African American art, literature, and identity.

Lost Generation Writers

Writers who emerged during the 1920s, critiquing American society and consumerism.

Republican pro-business presidents of the 1920s

Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover, known for their pro-business policies.

Marcus Garvey

A leader of Black nationalism in the 1920s, advocating for racial pride and economic independence.

Causes of the Great Depression

Factors including the stock market crash, bank failures, overproduction, and unequal wealth distribution.

Role of the federal government changed after the Great Depression

Expanded government intervention in the economy and creation of a social safety net through New Deal programs.

The Dust Bowl

A severe drought in the 1930s that caused widespread ecological damage and migration.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

The President who implemented the New Deal to counter the Great Depression.

Glass-Steagall Act

Legislation that separated commercial and investment banking and created the FDIC.

Social Security

A social insurance program established to provide financial assistance to the elderly and unemployed.

AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Act)

A New Deal program aimed at raising crop prices by reducing agricultural surplus.

Herbert Hoover's Actions During the Great Depression

His initial emphasis on voluntary cooperation and limited direct relief, criticized for being insufficient.