bio unit 3

autotrophs

sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms

photoautotrophs

use sunlight as source of energy to make food

chemiautotrophs

capture energy from inorganic compounds to make food

heterotrophs

obtain organic materials from other organisms

photosynthesis

process of light energy being converted to chemical energy and stored in the form of sugar and other organic molecules

chloroplasts

site of photosynthesis, located within mesophyll

stomata

part of plant where CO2 enters and O2 exits

stroma

dense fluid of plants

thylakoids

surround thylakoid membrane

chlorophyll

green pigment within thylakoid membrane that absorbs energy

light reactions

portion of photosynthesis that converts light to chemical energy

calvin cycle

portion of photosynthesis that converts chemical energy to sugar

chlorophyll a

main pigment of chloroplasts

chlorophyll b

accessory pigment that expands wavelengths

light harvesting complex

part of photosystem that contains variety of pigments

reaction center complex

part of photosystem that is a pair of chlorophyll a molecules and the primary electron acceptor

p680

reaction center of PSII

p700

reaction center of PSI

linear electron flow

primary type of electron flow that uses both photosystems and produces ATP and NADPH

carbon fixation

first portion of calvin cycle where CO2 first enters

reduction

second portion of calvin cycle where ATP and NADPH is used and G3P is made

regeneration

final portion of calvin cycle where G3P is used to form initial CO2 acceptor

autocrine

cell communication where cell targets itself

paracrine

cell communication where cell targets nearby cell

endocrine

cell communication where cell targets distant cell through bloodstream

reception

first phase of cell signaling

transduction

second phase of cell signaling

cellular response

third phase of cell signaling

G protein coupled receptors

most common and largest family of membrane receptors

receptor tyrosine kinases

receptor made of 6 kinases that phosphorylate ATP

ligand gated ion channels

receptors that contain a region that acts as a "gate"

second messengers

non protein water soluble molecules or ions that can spread through a cell by diffusion

scaffolding proteins

increase signal transduction efficiency by grouping different proteins involved in the same pathway

apoptosis

programmed cell death

somatic cells

all cells except reproductive cells, 46 chromosomes, diploid

gametes

reproductive cells, 23 chromosomes, haploid

helicases

break bonds between nitrogenous bases

mitosis

division of genetic material in a nucleus

cytokinesis

division of cytoplasm of a cell

G2

prior to mitosis, develops nuclear envelope, nucleolus and 2 centrosomes

prophase

phase where chromatin more coiled, nucleoli disappear, mitotic spindle begins to form, and centrosomes move to opposing cells

prometaphase

phase where nuclear envelope fragments and microtubules attach to kinetochores

metaphase

phase where centrosomes are at opposing poles, chromosomes are lined up on metaphase plate, and kinetochore microtubules are at kinetochores of sister chromatids

anaphase

phase where sister chromatids detach, non-kinetochore microtubules elongate the cell, and chromosomes move to opposing poles

telophase

phase where nuclear membrane reforms around chromosomes, nucleoli reappear, and spindle fibers are broken down

cleavage furrow

contractile ring of actin filaments bound to myosin

binary fission

cell division done by bacteria and archea

cyclin dependent kinases

regulator at G2

benign tumor

when cancer cells cannot survive elsewhere

malignant tumor

when cancer cells can spread and impede organ function

metastasis

spread of cancer cells away from original site

sexual reproduction

genetic information from 2 parents are combined in offspring

asexual reproduction

genetic information comes from 1 parent

locus

specific location of a gene on a chromosome

crossing over

occurs during prophase 1 and produces chromosome that carries genes from both parents

gametogenesis

production of gametes

spermatogenesis

sperm formation and development

oogenesis

development of mature oocytes in females

follicle stimulating hormone

allows oogenesis to continue past prophase 1 when levels get high enough

fertilization

fusion of sperm and egg

cleavage

series of cell divisions

gastrulation

process of 3 layered embryo forming

organogenesis

process of rudimentary organs forming

acrosomal reaction

process of sperm touching coating of egg

cortical reaction

process of cortical granules fusing with egg plasma membrane and sperm getting cleaved

egg activation

process of entire sperm being taken into egg and nuclear envelopes degrade

blastula

early embryo stage after 5-7 cell divisions that is single layered

blastomeres

small cells in blastula

blastocoel

fluid filled center of blastula

gastrula

2 or 3 layered embryo created from blastula

ectoderm

outermost germ layer

endoderm

germ layer that lines embryonic digestive tract

mesoderm

germ layer between endoderm and ectoderm

trophoblasts

secretes enzymes for implantation

spina bifida

incomplete closure of neural tube leaving some vertebrae not fully formed

anencephaly

incomplete closure of head end of neural tube

epithelial

tissue type having closely packed cells and tends to be a barrier that protects against injury pathogens and fluid loss

simple squamous

epithelial tissue that is 1 layer, thin, functions with exchange, and found at blood vessels and lung alveoli

stratified squamous

epithelial tissue that is multilayered, regenerates rapidly, and found in mouth and outer skin

simple columnar

epithelial tissue that is 1 layer, usually has microvilli, functions with absorption, and found at the small intestine

pseudostratified columnar

epithelial tissue that is 1 layer but appears multilayered, usually has cilia, functions as a mucous membrane, and found at the respiratory tract

cuboidal

epithelial tissue that is shaped like a cube, functions with secretion and absorption, and found at the kidney tubules and glands

connective

type of tissue that is known for having fibers

collagenous fibers

connective tissue fibers that function with strength and flexibility

elastic fibers

connective tissue fibers that functions with making tissues elastic

reticular fibers

connective tissue fibers that functions with support

loose connective tissue

connective tissue that contains all 3 fibers with lots of space between them, functions with binding epithelia to underlying tissues, and found at the skin and throughout the body

dense connective tissue

connective tissue with compact collagenous fibers, functions with giving strength to ligaments and tendons, and is found at ligaments and tendons

bone

connective tissue that is mineralized, functions with support and movement, and found at the skeleton

osteoblast

cells that develop a collagen matrix

cartilage

connective tissue where collagenous fibers are embedded, chondrocytes are in the lacunae, functions with cushioning and bone formation, and location depends on whether hyaline or elastic

hyaline

cartilage found at ends of bones, ribs and respiratory passages

elastic

cartilage found at the external ear and the epiglottis

adipose

connective tissue that stores fat, functions with insulation and cushioning, and found throughout the body

blood

connective tissue made of a liquid extracellular matrix, functions with oxygen transport, defense and clotting, and found within blood vessels

muscle

type of tissue that creates movement via contraction

skeletal muscle

type of muscle tissue that consists of bundles of muscle fibers, has a striated appearance, sarcomeres, functions with voluntary movement, and found at muscles of arms legs etc.

myofibrils

multiple make up a muscle fiber

fasciculus

made up of multiple muscle fibers

sliding filament mechanism

process of filaments in myofibrils sliding against each other