geology 101 exam 3 (retrum)

which specific type of faults cause tsunamis?

megathrust faults

which seismic wave reaches Earth's surface the fastest?

p-waves

Sand volcanoes result during which phenomenon caused by amplified seismic wave vibrations?

liquefaction

what is left behind when a river cuts off a meander?

oxbow lake

what is the definition of a half-life?

The time it takes for half of the parent isotope to decay to the daughter

which type of fold is usually coupled with a fault?

monocline

true or false: ductile and brittle deformation can occur at the same time in a rock body

true

in which river zone does the amount of sediment being eroded equal the amount being deposited?

sediment transport

_____ is the location beneath Earth's surface where rock slippage originates

hypocenter

a stream drains an area of land called a _____

drainage basin

which circular deformation structure has the youngest rocks in the center?

basin

what depositional landform is produced at the end of a river when it flows into the ocean?

delta

which flood control methods is used to make a river flow quicker and more efficiently?

channelization

the modified mercalli intensity scale measures _______

the amount of ground motion based on observed damages

which type of stress will alter the volume of a rock body but will not alter its general shape?

confining pressure

to correlate rock layers, geologist can use which of the following pieces of evidence?

index fossils

true or false: all seismic waves can pass through liquids.

false

which type of seismic waves have a shearing motion?

s-waves

North flowing rivers are more susceptible to which type of flooding?

ice-jam flooding

in a normal fault ______

the footwall moves up and hanging wall moves down

fossils are _____

evidence of prehistorical life

what do parent isotopes decay into?

daughter product

_____ is the energy produced by rock slippage that travels through the Earth's layer

seismic waves

which tectonic plate boundary is associated with megathrust faults?

convergent

what is the probability of experiencing a 100 year flood in 2018?

1%

which seismic waves cause the greatest destruction and vibration at earth's surface?

surface waves

type of fossil: shows what an animal or plant looked like

body fossil

type of fossil: records the activity or behavior of an animal or plant

trace fossils

involves matching of rocks of similar ages from different regions

correlation

states that fossils are arranged according to their age. used by William Smith.

principle of fossil succession

are widespread geographically and limited to a short period of geologic time

index fossils

can be used to identify a rock bed that does not contain an index fossil

fossil assemblages

the smallest particles that matter can be broken into and still retain distinctive features

atom

are negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus

electrons

is the number of protons in the nucleus

atomic number

is the number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus

mass number

is the spontaneous decay in the structure of an atom's nucleus

radioactivity

____ is the unstable radioactive isotope

parent isotope

is the amount of time required for half of the radioactive isotope to decay

half-life

___ represents the greatest expanse of time

eon

the _____ is the most recent eon which began about 542 million years ago.

phanerozoic

is a general term that refers to all changes in the shape or position of a roc body in response to stress

deformation

are the features that result from forces generated by the interactions of tectonic plates

geologic structures

____ is the force that deforms rocks

stress

types of stress: is when stress is uniformly applied in all directions

confining pressure

types of stress: is applied unequally in different directions

differential stress

squeezes a rock and shortens a rock body

compressional stress

pulls apart a rock unit and lengthens it

tensional stress

produces a motion similar to slippage that occurs between individual playing cards when the top of the stack is moved relative to the bottom

shear stress

types of deformations: a temporary change in shape or size in which the object returns to original shape after the applied stress is removed

elastic deformation

types of deformations: deforms rocks without breaking rocks (folding)

ductile deformation

types of deformations: deforms rocks by breaking the rock

brittle deformation

a fracture in a rock which there has been no appreciable movement

joint

fractures in rocks along which displacement has occured

fault

is rock surface above the fault plane

hanging wall

is the rock surface below the fault plane

footwall

have side-to-side motion, little to no vertical motion

strike slip faults

the plane of mirror symmetry dividing the fold into two limbs

axial plane

types of folds: are large, step-like fold in otherwise horizontal sedimentary strata

monocline

types of folds: are up-folded or arched rock layers

anticline

types of folds: are down-folded or troughs of rock layers

synclines

where the fold axis is not horizontal

plunging fold

are up-warped circular features

domes

are down-warped circular features

basins

is ground shaking caused by the sudden and rapid movement of one block of rock sliding past another

earthquake

rock slippage originates in the ground at the ____

hypcenter

____ the point on the ground surface directly above the hypocenter

epicenter

_____ is the plane that represents the fracture surface of a fault

fault plane

_____ faults are associated with divergent plate boundaries

normal

____ and ____ faults are associated with convergent plate boundaries

reverse and thrust

_____ faults are associated with transform plate boundaries

strike-slip

numerous small earthquakes, called ____, usually follow a major earthquake.

aftershocks

_____ are minor earthquakes that sometimes precede a major earthquake by days, weeks, or months

foreshocks

is the study of earthquake waves

seismology

record the movement of earth in relation to a stationary mass on a rotating drum or magnetic tape

seismographs

travel through earth's interior

body waves

____ are compression waves; can travel through all materials

p waves

____ are shear waves; can only travel through solid material

s waves

_____ travel in the rock layers just below earth's surface

surface waves

a measure of the amount of ground shaking at a particular location based on observed property damage

intensity

quantitative measurement of ground motion based on data from seismic records used to estimate of the amount of energy released at the earthquake's source

magnitude

was developed using California buildings as its standard; based on property destruction in a region; values change based on the distance from the epicenter

modified mercalli intensity scale

is calculated by measuring the amplitude of the largest seismic wave (usually surface wave) recorded on a seismogram

richter scale

measures the total energy released during an earthquake

moment magnitude

states there is an inverse relationship between the magnitude of an earthquake and its frequency

magnitude frequency concept

the phenomenon where loosely packed, waterlogged sediments behave as a fluid during the intense shaking of an earthquake

liquefaction

is a series of large ocean waves

tsunamis

tsunamis are most generated by displacement from a ____ fault

megathrust

the zone of greatest seismic activity is called the ______ _____ belt

circum pacific

_____ plate boundaries are associated with frequent but weak seismic activity

divergent

______ faults tend to generate large earthquakes on a cyclical basis

transform

_____ describes the movement of water through earth's four spheres

hydrologic cycle

sheet flow develops into tiny channels called _____

rills

rills meet to form ____

gullies

____ is any water the flows in a channel, regardless of size

stream

____ carries a substantial amount of water and has many tributaries

river

the imaginary line separating one basin from another is called a _____

divide

_______ _______ splits a continent into different drainage basins

continental divide

zone where most sediment is derived

sediment production

sediment is transported in trunk streams; typically gentle slopes to flat lands (low to moderate energy)

sediment transport