Lecture: Lymphatic System Pt 3

The ability to resist damage from foreign substances, such as microorganisms, harmful chemicals, and internal threats?

Immunity

Aka nonspecific resistance, and response is the same each time the body encounters a “threat?

Innate immunity

Aka “specific immunity”, and subsequent encounters with a foreign substance are recognized & responded to quicker because of previous encounter?

Adaptive immunity

Innate immunity is _________ in all multicellular organisms

present

Adaptive immunity is unique to __________

vertebrates

Specificity and memory are characteristics of what kind of immunity?

Adaptive

The ability of adaptive immunity to recognize a particular substance?

Specificty

Specificity: Innate immunity responds generally against _______

bacteria

Specificity: Adaptive immunity _____________ among different kinds of bacteria

distinguishes

The ability of adaptive immunity to “‘remember” previous encounters with a particular substance, and the response is faster, stronger, and longer-lasting?

Memory

Innate immunity: Includes defenses present at _______ __ ___________ __________

birth and genetically determined

Innate immunity: Immune response is standardized- ___ ____________

no specificity

Adaptive immunity: Includes body defenses that are acquired throughout a _________ _________

person’s lifetime

Adaptive Immunity: Response is ___________ __ _________ during subsequent exposures

faster and stronger

Adaptive Immunity: Immune system ____________ foreign body from first encounter

remembers

Adaptive Immunity: First encounter- bacteria damage tissues and produce ________ ________, body may take days to destroy them

disease symptoms

Adaptive Immunity: Second encounter- Bacteria destroyed by adaptive immune mechanisms before symptoms develop, person is said to be _______

immune

What are the main components of innate immunity?

Physical barriers, chemical mediators, actions of cells

Innate immunity: Prevent entrance of microbes & physically remove them?

Physical barriers

Innate immunity: Act against microbes directly, or activate further mechanisms to destroy them?

Chemical mediators

Innate immunity: Phagocytosis and chemical release?

Actions of cells

Innate immunity: Physical barrier- First line of _________ - prevent entry and include skin, mucous membranes

defense

Innate immunity: Chemical mediators- Some chemical mediators are on ____ _________, where they kill microbes/prevent their entrance into cell (ex. lysozymes)

cell surfaces

Innate immunity: Chemical mediators- Other chemical mediators promote ___________/attract WBCs/stimulate phagocytosis (ex. histamine)

inflammation

Innate immunity: Chemical Mediators- Some chemical bind to receptors on other cells’ surfaces & stimulate a __________

response

Innate immunity: Cells- 126 billion leave blood & pass through walls of digestive tract + 1st to respond + enter infected tissue + release chemical signals + phagocytize microorganisms + usually die after 1 phagocytic event?

Neutrophils

Innate Immunity: Cells- Large phagocytic cells and derived from monocytes?

Macrophages

Innate immunity: Macrophages- When ____________ leave blood, they enlarge 5x (increases lysosomes and mitachondria)

monocytes

Innate immunity: Macrophages- _______________ : ingest more & larger particles than neutrophils

phagocytic

Innate Immunity: Cells- Can be activated by innate immunity or adaptive immunity and release chemicals that produce inflammatory respones?

Basophils and mast cells

Innate Immunity: Cells- Secrete enzymes that kill some parasites?

Eosinophils

Innate Immunity: Cells- Lymphocytes, general response to tumor & virus-infected cells?

Natural killer cells

Inflammation can be what?

Local and systemic

Inflammation: Confined to a specific area (redness, swelling)?

Local

Inflammation: Occurs in many parts of body simultaneously?

Systemic

Inflammation: Red bone marrow produces & releases more _________- increased phagocytosis

neutrophils

Inflammation: Fever induced by chemicals, which promotes phagocytosis & inhibits growth of some microorganisms?

Pyrogens

Inflammation: In severe cases, increased vascular permeability causes severe _______ in blood volume → shock, death are possible

decrease

Adaptive immunity is the ability of lymphocytes to recognize, respond to, and remember a substance, that substance is called a what?

Antigen

What are the 2 major types of lymphocytes in adaptive immunity?

B and T cells

What are the two categories that adaptive immunity is divided into?

Antibody and Cell-mediated immunity

Adaptive immunity: What are the proteins in antibody-mediated immunity called?

Antibodies

Adaptive immunity: Involves proteins, called antibodies, in body fluids such as plasma, lymph, interstitial fluids?

Antibody-mediated immunity

Adaptive Immunity: Antibody-mediated immunity- __ ______ give rise to cells that produce antibodes

B cells

Adaptive immunity: Involves actions of different types of T cells? (ex. cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells)

Cell-mediated immunity

Adaptive Immunity: What type of antigens are there?

Foreign and self

Adaptive Immunity: Introduced from outside of the body and may trigger allergic reactions? (ex. parts of microorganisms/viruses, pollen, animal danger, food)

Foreign antigens

Adaptive Immunity: Molecules produced by the body that are recognized by the immune system + may stimulate an adaptive immune response + maybe be beneficial or harmful?

Self antigens

Adaptive Immunity: Antigens are ______ ________, only a small portion of the antigen is recognized by a lymphocyte

large molecules

Adaptive Immunity: Portion on antigen is an ________, each antigen has many of this and different lymphocytes may respond each

epitope

Adaptive Immunity: Lymphocytes have _________ ___________, highly specific to an individual epitope on an individual antigen

antigen receptors

Adaptive Immunity: Antigen receptors are ________ for B and T cells

different

Adaptive immunity: T cells receptors are made of 2 ____________ ____

polypeptide chains

Adaptive Immunity: T cells receptor are made of 2 polypeptide chains with what?

A constant and variable region

Adaptive Immunity: What region of the T cell receptor can an antigen bind to?

Variable region

Adaptive Immunity: B cells- antigen receptors are antibodies on the _______

surface

Adaptive Immunity: B cells- antigen receptors are antibodies that have ___ polypeptide chains

4

Adaptive immunity: B cells have 2 identical __________ _______- can bind antigen on their antibodies

variable regions

Adaptive Immunity: A major role of immune cells is to ___ cells in the body by recognizing antigens

ID

Adaptive Immunity: Antigens are often presented on cell surfaces by different types of what?

Major Histocompatability complexes

Method of ___________ by lymphocytes often involves interaction with MHC molecules

recognition

What kind of structure does MHC molecules have?

Glycoprotein structure

Where are MHC molecules found?

plasma membrane

_____ ___________ have a variable region that can be combined with antigens

MHC molecules

MHC molecules: Produced in the cell?

Endogenous antigens

MHC molecules: Obtained from outside the cell, but brought inside and processed/modified?

Exogenous antigens

Display endogenous antigens?

MHC class i molecules

Display exogenous antigens?

MHC class ii molecules

MHC class i molecules: When viruses infect cells, they ______ the cell’s reproductive equipment to produce viral proteins

hijack

MHC class i molecules: Process is called _____________ - requires both the antigen and the cell’s own MHC molecule

MHC restricted

MHC class i molecules: ___ _________ fragments may somtimes be used to form MHC complexes

self protein