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what do paranoid PD, schizotypal PD, and Schizoid PD have in common
feature personality characteristics that are relativly inflexible and occur across most situations (criterion C)
begin in at least adolescences or early adult hood (criterion D)
which two disorders do not appear in the AMPD
paranoid and schizoid PD
key features of paranoid PD
pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others
particular fear of being harmed by others
suspiciousness does not solely occur within episodes of psychosis and is characteristic
associated with social anxiety
what is the prevalence of paranoid PD
relatively low, less than 5%
about 2.3-4.4%
what FFM traits are associated with paranoid PD
high neuroticism
low extraversion (introverted)
low agreeableness (callous, hostile)
what pathological traits are associated with paranoid PD
psychoticism: unusual thoughts & beliefs, perceptual dysregulation
detachment: suspiciousness, intimacy avoidance, withdrawal.
what pathological trait FACET drives a diagnosis of paranoid PD
suspiciousness in detachment
how might someone with paranoid PD experience difficulties in personality functioning (criteria A)
impairments in self-functioning (identity, self-direction)
impairments in interpersonal functioning (empathy, intimacy)
why might there be self-functioning difficulties with identity in paranoid PD
unable to see themselves as someone who is not constantly under threat of risk/deception
chronically defensive and emotional detached due to fear
project their fears onto others
why might there be self-functioning difficulties with self-direction with paranoid PD
goals shaped by preoccupation with protecting oneself
goals may become unadaptable if they involve shifting toward obtaining feedback from others
why might there be interpersonal difficulties with empathy in paranoid PD
inability to see from someone else’s perspective
chronic assumption that others have hidden and harmful motives
lack of emotional insight to understand their suspiciousness is causing interpersonal difficulties
why might there be interpersonal difficulties with intimacy for paranoid PD
intimacy avoidance due to severe suspiciousness and borderline-delusions about being taken advantage of
chronic suspiciousness of others can lead to hostile interactions
may form close ties with others who share similar paranoia (but could change when threat is perceived)
paranoid personality genes factor
heredity in families with schizophrenia
propensity for delusional-like thinking
included within the schizophrenia spectrum
is paranoid pd included in the ICD-11/AMPD
no
paranoid PD environment factor
individuals may be ‘odd’ and ‘eccentric’ during childhood/adolescence and therefore prone to bullying, reinforcing paranoia.
what makes paranoid PD different than schizophrenia?
paranoia exists outside of episodes of psychosis, its chronic across time
paranoid personality exists before onset of psychotic features
key features of schizoid PD
pervasive pattern of detachment from others
more of a lack of preference to be around others
limited range of emotional expression
pattern of negative-like symptoms on psychosis spectrum
aloofness does not solely occur in episodes of psychosis
what is the prevalence of schizoid PD
rare, 3.1-4.9%
what FFM traits match schizoid PD
highish neuroticism
low extraversion
what pathological traits match with schizoid PD
detachment and antagonism
schizoid PD pathological trait: Detachment facets
intimacy avoidance (kinda just doesn’t care), withdrawal, anhedonia (doesn’t feel joy), restricted affectivity (no wide range of emotions)
schizoid PD pathological trait: antagonism facets
callousness - people come off as harsh/sticking to the facts
why might there be self-functioning difficulties with identity for schizoid PD
weak sense of self - feeling empty, disconnected
lack of strong personal values or clear self-concept
identity is relatively absent
why might there be self-functioning difficulties with self-direction in schizoid PD
few interest in personal goals and lack of ambition
solitary activities engaged in without strong sense of purpose or direction
lack of motivation may lead to less drive for career aspirations
why might there be interpersonal difficulties with empathy in schizoid PD
difficulties feeling or responding to others’ emotions - may be able to understand other’s emotions intellectually
negative-like symptoms may lead to being cold, distant, and indifferent to others
why might there be interpersonal difficulties with intimacy in schizoid PD
little to no interest in creating close relationships
relationships are due to practical needs
preference for solitude
lack of need for social validation
schizoid PD genes factor
heredity in families with schizophrenia
included within the schizophrenia spectrum
propensity for avolition and anhedonic-like experiences
is schizoid PD included in the ICD-11 and AMPD
no
schizoid PD environment factor
poor peer relationships and solitariness during childhood/adolescence
may underachieve in school due to lack of interest
subject to potential teasing by peers
what makes schizoid different than schizophrenia
aloofness occurs outside of psychotic episodes, negative symptoms are consistent
schizoid personality exists before onset of psychotic features
however, that brief psychotic episodes (minutes-hours) may occur in response to stress
key diagnostic distinctions between schizoid and autism
stereotyped behaviors and interests in ASD not schizoid
impairment of social interactions and skills in ASD not schizoid
why was paranoid and schizoid excluded from AMPD
largely unsupported by empirical evidence as isolated PD
high rates of comorbidity with other PDs, especially schizotypal.
if elevated traits of these disorders are the only features of personality pathology, may be better specified by its maladaptive traits
what are better ways of explaining paranoid and schizoid pd
as profiles of personality pathology that describe personality dysfunction within other disorders
can specify pathological traits aht coincide with other more common types of personality pathology
