Biology 224 exam 2 blood/immunology/cardiovascular

Dr. Kebede class

What is blood?

A fluid connective tissue that consists of plasma (water, proteins & other solutes) (55% of blood volume), buffy coat (Platelets & leukocytes)(1% of blood volume) and erythrocytes (RBC)(44% of blood volume).

What are the layers of blood when spun in a centrifuge?

Top layer will be plasma, the middle is a buffy coat, and hematocrit/ erythrocytes are the bottom layer.

What happens if blood pH goes outside the range of 7.35-7.45

if below 7.35 acidosis and above 7.45 alkalosis

What are the functions of blood?

Transportation, regulation of pH and osmosis, maintenance of body temperature, protection against foreign substances, clot formation, acid

What is plasma?

It's the liquid extracellular matrix of blood (The pale yellow

What are formed elements?

Cells and cell fragments found suspended in plasma, such as leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets.

What cell gives rise to all formed elements?

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC).

What happens to blood viscosity if there is less water in plasma?

Viscosity/thickness increases and blood flow becomes slow.

Which plasma protein is most abundant?

Albumin. (Synthesized by the liver) Also its function is to maintain osmotic pressure.

What are the functions of plasma proteins?

Transport, osmotic regulation, anticoagulant activity, buffering capacity, catalytic and protective function.

What are the four main categories of plasma proteins?

Albumin, transport proteins, immune proteins, and clotting proteins.

What is the function of albumin?

Maintain colloidal osmotic pressure at about 25 mmHg.

What is the composition of plasma?

Primarily water (90% of its volume) and various solutes.

What is the buffy coat?

The middle layer of blood, consisting of platelets and leukocytes.

What is hematocrit?

The bottom layer of blood, consisting of erythrocytes.

What is acidosis?

When blood pH falls below 7.35.

What is alkalosis?

When blood pH rises above 7.45.

What is the function of erythrocytes?

To transport oxygen.

What is the function of leukocytes?

To protect against foreign substances.

What is the function of platelets?

To aid in clot formation.

What is the plasma component that forms fibrin?

Fibrinogen

What is fibrinolysis?

The process of dissolution of the fibrin clot

What are thrombocytes?

Platelets (Produced by thrombopoiesis

Are platelets true cells?

Platelets are not true cells, but instead small fragments of cells surrounded by plasma membranes

What causes decreased hematopoiesis?

Bone marrow failure or deficiency of essential nutrients such as vitamin B12 and folic acid

What is the difference between hematopoiesis and hemostasis?

Hematopoiesis is the PRODUCTION of formed elements in blood and Hemostasis is a cascade event that STOPS the bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged

What are the steps for hemostasis/ blood clotting?

Bleeding occurs, vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation blood clotting, and Thrombopoiesis

How would you describe a mature erythrocyte?

RBC that does not contain a nucleus thus anucleate; filled with hemoglobin; biconcave disk shaped and will appear pinkish with a pale center

What would happen if the body did not make the enzyme carbonic anhydrase?

Carbon dioxide (CO2) would be transported in the blood without being converted into bicarbonate ions, this would cause the pH of the plasma to decrease (i.e., become more acidic producing metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis), reduced production of bicarbonate in the liver, low glucose in the blood (hypoglycemia) and excess ammonia in the blood (Hyperammonemia)

What does each hemoglobin molecule contain?

4 globin chains(2 alpha and 2 beta chains) and 4 heme groups

What is the difference between carboxyhemoglobin?

Complex formed within RBCs when hemoglobin is exposed to Carbon dioxide (CO2)

What is oxyhemoglobin?

The oxygen

What is deoxyhemoglobin?

The form of hemoglobin without oxygen

What is carbaminohemoglobin?

Compounds made up of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide

What is a reticulocyte?

Immature red blood cells (RBC's) produced in the bone marrow and released into the peripheral blood; they mature into RBCs within 1

What is required for erythropoiesis?

Constant iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid supply; responsible for RBC production.

What organ serves as the control center for the regulation of erythropoiesis?

Kidney.

What would happen if you traveled to a place of high altitude?

Hypoxia

Where is erythropoietin secreted?

Produced by specialized cells called interstitial cells in the kidney; acts on RBCs to protect them against destruction.

What happens when defective erythrocytes are broken down?

Their components cannot be recycled; removed from the blood by the lungs and their iron is excreted into the small intestine.

What is transported by transferrin?

Iron; transports iron through the blood to various tissues/cells such as liver, spleen, and bone marrow.

If your patient's skin appears to be jaundiced, what is the cause?

Liver disease; build

Which cells are granulocytes?

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

Which cells are agranulocytes?

Lymphocytes and monocytes

What is the difference between granulocytes and agranulocytes?

Granulocytes have unusual nuclei that may appear to have multiple nuclei but it is actually one.

What are lymphocytes?

Type of WBCs with varied functions.

What is chemotaxis?

Directed movement in response to chemicals.

What is diapedesis?

Process of WBCs leaving blood vessels.

Which is the most numerous WBC?

Neutrophils.

What protein forms a bridge between vessel wall collagen and platelet receptors?

Fibrinogen.

How does aspirin inhibit platelet plug formation?

Inhibits platelet aggregation and thromboxane A2 synthesis.

What is the role of megakaryoblasts?

Production of platelets.

What ions are necessary for both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways in coagulation?

Calcium ions.

In the extrinsic pathway, what does damaged tissue release?

Thromboplastin.

What must come into contact with collagen to start the intrinsic pathway?

Factor XII (12).

What is the coagulation cascade?

Terminal phase after factor X.

What ion is required for coagulation?

Calcium ion (Ca2+).

What are Coumadin and warfarin?

Blood thinners/anticoagulants.

What would an increased amount of heparin in the blood do?

Prolong bleeding and increase bruising.

What is the function of plasmin?

To degrade/break down fibrin clots.

What is a thrombus/DVT?

A blood clot formed within the vascular system, impeding blood flow.

What is an embolism?

A blocked artery caused by a blood clot, fat or air bubble.

What vitamin is necessary to produce clotting factors in the liver?

Vitamin K.

What is erythrocytosis?

Having a high concentration of RBCs in your blood.

What is hemophilia?

A group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which the blood does not clot properly.

What's (vWF) von Willebrand factor?

A glycoprotein crucial to primary homeostasis, helping platelets stick together to form clots.

What is leukemia?

Cancer of white blood cells, originating in the bone marrow and spreading to other organs.

What is anemia?

A condition characterized by too few RBCs or insufficient hemoglobin to carry oxygen.

What are the three causes of anemia?

Decreased hemoglobin, decreased hematocrit, abnormal hemoglobin elevation.

What is type and crossmatch in transfusion?

A process/test to determine blood type and Rh factor compatibility for transfusion.

What is aplastic anemia?

A disorder where the bone marrow fails to produce blood cells.

What is hemolytic anemia?

A condition where RBCs are destroyed faster than they can be replaced.

What is pernicious anemia?

A decrease in RBCs due to the intestines' inability to absorb vitamin B12.

What is hemorrhagic anemia?

Excessive bleeding resulting in a loss of RBCs exceeding production.

What is primary hemostasis?

The initial response to blood vessel injury, involving vasoconstriction and platelet activation.

What is secondary hemostasis?

The formation of a fibrin clot to reinforce the platelet plug.

What is thrombocytopenia?

A condition characterized by a low platelet count in the blood.

What is polycythemia?

An increase in the number of RBCs in the blood.

What is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?

A condition where blood clotting and bleeding occur simultaneously.

What is vascular spasm?

Contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessel walls.

What is vasodilation?

Dilation of blood vessels, decreasing blood pressure.

What is hematocrit?

Blood test measuring RBC levels.

What is Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)?

Blood disorder from incompatible blood types between mother and baby.

What is looked at for a patient with anemia?

Low RBC count or hemoglobin levels.

What is looked for in a patient with infection?

Increased WBC count.

What is looked for in a patient with polycythemia?

Increased RBC count and hematocrit measurement.

What is looked for in a patient with thrombocytopenia?

Decreased platelet count.

What causes agglutination?

Clumping of RBCs due to antigen

What is coagulation?

Process of blood clot formation to stop bleeding.

What is the purpose of ABO typing test?

To determine antigens on red blood cells.

What does it mean if blood cells stick together during ABO typing test?

The blood reacted with one of the antibodies.

What information can be obtained from a differential WBC test?

Information about a person's health condition, such as the type of infection.

What are ascites?

Abnormal build-up fluid in the abdomen mostly found in alcoholic patients.

Who is the true universal donor?

O

Who is the true universal recipient?

AB+ blood type.

What antigens are the ABO blood group based on?

Antigens A and B.

How much blood does the average adult have?

5 liters.

What problem would animals consuming rat poison with a toxin blocking vitamin K utilization have?

Coagulation problems.

What are the five types of white blood cells?

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

Regulation of interstitial fluid volume, absorption of dietary fats, and immune functions.