psych quix idfk

Kelly's Attribution Theory

For behaviors that are consistent, people make personal attributions when consensus and distinctiveness are low

People will make stimulus (situational) attributions when consensus and distinctiveness are high

Fundamental Attribution Error

When explaining the behavior of other people, we tend to overestimate the role of personal (dispositional) factors and underestimate the role of situational factors

Mere-exposure effect

Repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases our liking for them, or, we like people we see often

Compliance

Private conformity: both behavior and opinions change (Sherif Paradigm)

Public conformity: temporary and superficial change; outward compliance, inward maintenance of previous beliefs (Asch Paradigm)

Sherif Paradigm

Private acceptance

Social comparison theory: we want to know if our opinions are correct and how good our abilities are, we are dependent on social reality

Asch Paradigm

Public compliance

Normative power: the power that arises because the individual fears punishment from group; always present in social situations; decreases with presence of other dissenters

Milgram's Shock Study

Study on compliance

"Teacher" punishes "learner" whith shocks while the experimenter (authority figure) watched

Demonstrated how far someone will obey an authority figure even though they know the authority's orders are morally wrong

Conformity

A change in an individual's behavior or beliefs as a result of real or imagined group pressure

Conformity increases with group size up to 4-7 people

Public conformity: outward appearance of change, not actually

Autokinetic effect

The illusion that a stationary spot of light is moving when viewed in a darkened room; have to estimate how much the light moves, no reference points available

Foot-in-the-door phenomena

Idea as to why so many people obeyed Milgram's shock study; compliance breeds compliance

Stanford Prison Study

A social psychological study conducted at Stanford University by Philip Zimbardo. Its aim was to study the impact of roles on behavior. Participants were randomly assigned to play the role of either prisoner or guard. This study was terminated early because of the role-induced punitive behavior on the part of the "guards."

central route persuasion

Audience is influenced by the strength and quality of the arguments; people have ability and motivation to think critically

A change in attitude brought about by an appeal to reason and logic

Strong evidence and arguments are presented

Works when people are analytical or involved in the issue

high ability and motivation

Peripheral route persuasion

Audience is influenced by speaker's appearance, slogans, one-liners, emotions, audience reactions and other superficial cues; mental shortcuts, audience has low ability or motivation (i.e. newspaper)

a change in attitude brought about by appeals to habit and emotion

incidental cues, such as celebrity endorsements are used

used when issues do not engage systematic thinking

people rely on shortcuts (heuristics) to make a decision

low ability or motivation

Cognitive dissonance (self-persuasion)

Behaving in a way that is NOT consistent with our own stated attitudes

Dissonance creates tension, person is motivated to reduce tension

Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Proposes that people change their attitudes to reduce the cognitive discomfort created by inconsistencies between their attitudes and their behavior

Social faciliation

stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others (run faster with other people, etc.)

Usually professionals' performance gets better with an audience and amateurs' gets worse

Social loafing

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal when individually accountable

Tug of war study

Diffusion of responsibility

Explanation for social loafing

the responsibility for a task is spread across all members of the group, lessening individual accountability

Groupthink

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

Group members all convince themselves they are right, can lead to big errors being made

Group polarization

the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

the strengthening of a group's prevailing opinion following group discussion

Deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Altruism

unselfish concern for the welfare of others; helping behavior that is motivated primarily by a desire to benefit others, not oneself

Bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

Robber's Cave experiment

Social conflict and cooperation

Social identity theory, in-groups, out-groups

Attractiveness bias

Physically attractive people are rated higher on intelligence, competence, sociability, and morality studies

Stereotypes

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

In-group

"us", the people that we identify with

Out-group

"them". those perceived as different or apart from our in-group

In-group bias

The tendency to favor one's own group, its members, its characteristics, and its products, particularly in reference to other groups

Just-world hypothesis/phenomenon

Belief that the world is basically a just place and therefore people get what they deserve and deserve what they ge