photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Heterotrophs are organisms that can

Consume other organisms for energy

Ultimate original source of energy for all living things on Earth

The sun

Suspended in the fluid stroma of chloroplasts are

Stacks of thylakoids called grana

light reactions : thylakoids ::

Calvin cycle : stroma

Role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis

Absorb light energy

When light strikes an object, the light may be

Reflected, absorbed, or transmitted

Chlorophyll is green because

It reflects green wavelengths of light

NADP+ is important in photosynthesis because

It provides protons and electrons for some reactions

The electrons of photosystem I

Are eventually replaced by electrons from photosystem II

C3, C4, and CAM plants differ because

C3 and C4 have stomata open during day; CAM open at night

Three parts of an ATP molecule

Adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups

Which is NOT part of ATP?

Chlorophyll

Energy is released from ATP when

A phosphate group is removed

Figure 8-1: Parts of ADP molecule EXCEPT

Structure D

Figure 8-1: Structures that make up ATP

A, B, C, and D

Figure 8-1: Bonds broken to form ADP

C and D

Organisms that make their own food are called

Autotrophs

Which organism makes its own food using light energy?

Oak

Which organism is a heterotroph?

Mushroom

What happens during photosynthesis?

Autotrophs produce carbohydrates

Plants gather energy with light-absorbing molecules called

Pigments

Figure 8-2: A single thylakoid is

Structure C

A granum is a

Stack of thylakoids

The stroma is the region outside the

Thylakoids

A product of the Calvin cycle

High-energy sugars

Stacks of thylakoids suspended in stroma are called

Grana

Green pigment absorbing red/blue is called; yellow/orange pigments are called

Chlorophyll; carotenoids

Organisms that harvest energy from sunlight or chemicals to make food molecules are called

Autotrophs

Main pigment associated with photosystems

Chlorophyll

Oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere is due to millions of years of

Photosynthesis

Chemiosmosis in thylakoid membrane produces

ATP

Second stage of photosynthesis where glucose is made

Calvin cycle

Plants with enzyme that fix CO2 into four-carbon compounds

C4

Biochemical pathway of cellular respiration that is anaerobic

Glycolysis

Glucose is split into smaller molecules during

Glycolysis

Without oxygen, glycolysis is followed by

Fermentation

Fermentation produces ethyl alcohol & CO2 or

Lactic acid

ATP molecules produced during glycolysis (out of 38 max)

Two

Krebs cycle takes place in the

Mitochondrial matrix

Cells keep only a small amount of

ATP

Organisms like hawks and leopards are called

Heterotrophs (consumers)

Photosynthesis requires light, water, carbon dioxide, and light-absorbing

Pigments (chlorophyll)

In autumn, molecules break down causing leaf color change

Chlorophyll

Saclike photosynthetic membranes inside chloroplasts

Thylakoids

Thylakoids are arranged in stacks called

Grana

When chlorophyll absorbs light, energy of ____ is raised

Electrons

Figure 8-7: Area labeled A is the

Stroma

Figure 8-7: Photosystems I and II are found in

Labeled structure B

Electron carrier converted to NADPH

NADP+

Byproduct produced in first stage of photosynthesis

Oxygen

Membrane protein that lets H+ pass into stroma

ATP synthase

Electrons lost by chlorophyll are replenished by

Water

During Calvin cycle, ____ supplies carbon for carbohydrates

Carbon dioxide

In many plants, photosynthesis rate ____ in very cold weather

Decreases

True/False: CO2 is one of the principal compounds used to store energy

False; ATP is used to store energy

True/False: Energy a carnivore uses ultimately comes from sunlight

True

True/False: Plants gather sun’s energy with pigments

True

True/False: Chlorophyll a and b absorb best in blue and red regions

True

True/False: Light-dependent reactions use ATP and NADPH to build sugars

False; Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions) uses ATP and NADPH to build sugars

Difference between autotroph and heterotroph with examples

Autotroph makes own food (ex: grass); heterotroph consumes others (ex: rabbit)