BSC2011 test 3

osmotic stress

Occurs when the concentration of dissolved substances (solutes) in a cell or tissue deviates from its normal levels. This imbalance can result from the loss or gain of water or electrolytes from the organism's environment.

osmo-conformers

Jellyfish are one of these. When placed under osmotic stress, they get around needing to expend their energy to maintain the solute balance. Their body fluids naturally match the osmolarity of the seawater.

selective permeability

Depending on the factors, some substances can pass through a membrane while others cannot.

Example: A fence with a hole in the bottom. Small dogs can pass through, but larger dogs cannot.

concentration gradient

In order for cells to diffuse through a cell in equilibrium with it’s environment, this has to be established. The cells have to move down this going from high to low solute concentration.

hypotonic

Marine vertebrates are __________ to their environment

ATP

The force that drives active transport is

freshwater fish

Water has a lower solute concentration than body tissues, gaining more water via osmosis. __________________ have to excrete excess water, avoid drinking water, and replace lost electrolytes to keep their cells from bursting.

filtrate

The _________ found in the loop of henle inside the kidney is the fluid with the highest osmolarity.

isotonic

Compared to seawater, invertebrates are

nitrogenous waste

Urea is ______ and comes from the degradation of protein in the liver

bony fishes and invertebrates

Ammonia is likely to be the primary nitrogenous waste for _________

uric acid

This nitrogenous waste requires the most energy to produce.

ingestion

The term for bringing food into the digestive tract

protein

Sufficient _________ in your diet is vital for maintaining energy levels, supporting growth and repair, and ensuring the proper functioning of various bodily systems.

fat

Animals that migrate great distances will best store their energy as

calcium

This mineral is important for bone and tooth formation, nerve signaling, muscle contraction, cell division, and homeostasis.

iodine

This mineral is important for production of thyroid hormones and is found in seafood.

iron

This mineral is important for the synthesis of blood and can cause anemia without it.

sulphur

This mineral is important for the synthesis of amino acids, or the building blocks of proteins.

carnivore

A vertebrate skull with sharp teeth implies they were a

grinding

The molar teeth of an herbivore are designed for

mass feeding

Snakes use this mechanism of feeding by swallowing their prey whole. Lions also use this mechanism.

suspension feeding

Clams use this mechanism of feeding by filtering small particles from the water.

filter feeding

Whales use this mechanism by filtering out large amounts of prey.

hydrolase

Enzyme that breaks down macromolecules

Pharyngeal jaws

In fish, this is a second pair of jaws that help them break down food and move it into the esophagus.

Protease

Enzyme that breaks down protein.

lipids

This type of molecule is absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine thru diffusion.

mouth

Chemical digestion starts here

nutrient absorption

The gut has a large surface area for

crop

The temporary storage for food in birds

peristalsis

A series of involuntary muscle contractions that move food and other substances through the body

stomach

Muscular hollow organ, takes in food from the food pipe, mixes it and starts breaking it down. The pre-digested food is then passed on to the small intestine in small portions.

pancreas

Organ that produces enzymes that help to digest food, particularly protein and creates insulin to regulate blood sugar.

large intestine

Organ for absorbing water and electrolytes, producing and absorbing vitamins, and forming and propelling feces toward the rectum for elimination.

throat

The trachea and esophagus connect to the

parietal cells

Responsible for gastric acid secretion, which aids in the digestion of food, absorption of minerals, and control of harmful bacteria.

H. pylori

The bacteria secrete an enzyme called urease that converts urea to ammonia which formerly protected the stomach lining, now increasing stomach acid production. The stomach acid eats through the stomach tissue and causes ulcers.

active transport

Simple sugars are absorbed by this transport mechanism in the small intestine

aquaporins

Act as specialized protein channels that facilitate the transport of water across the cell membranes, allowing for the absorption of water from the intestinal lumen. Involved in fluid absorption in the small intestine and colon.

respiratory system

This system is responsible for gas exchange

right ventricle

This chamber of the heart sends blood into pulmonary circulation

right atria

This chamber of the heart contracts when the right ventricle is close to full

SA node; right atrium

Pacemaker cells are found at the

atrioventricular node

Coordinates the contraction of the heart by conducting the normal electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles

brain and spinal cord

The central nervous system is composed of the

interneurons

Most neurons in the human brain are

cell body/soma

The nucleus and most of the organelles in a neuron are located in the

synapse

The point of connection between two communicating neurons is called

threshold potential

The minimum depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels.

mechanoreceptors

Detect stimuli such as touch, pressure, vibration, and sound from the external and internal environments

magnetoreceptors

Allows an organism to detect the Earth's magnetic field

chemoreceptor

Detect changes in the chemical composition of the blood and send information to the brain to regulate cardiovascular and respiratory functions

bioreceptor

Binds to a specific target substance in a complex fluid, such as a biofluid, and produces a measurable signal

middle ear

The ___________ converts sound waves into nerve impulses that are sent to the brain.

rods

Inside retina; detects sensitivity to light levels and helps give us good vision in low light.

cones

Inside retina; detects different wavelengths of light, including red, green, and blue

somatic motor neuron

Skeletal muscles only contract in response to a signal from a

autocrine

A cell secretes a chemical messenger or hormone that binds to receptors on the same cell, causing changes in the cell

paracrine

A cell releases a signal to change the behavior of nearby cells

innate immunity

The first response of the body's immune system to a harmful foreign substance.