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American Pageant Chapter 2 APUSH Review (Period 2)

England

  • England defeats the Spanish Armada in 1588
  • English Colonization
    • England was a Protestant country
  • Different types of colonies (how paid for and how they are run)
    • Joint Stock Company: stockholders invest in a company and share in the potential profits or lossed from the colony; Corporate colony
    • Proprietorship: land is given by the king to an individual or group
    • Royal: paid for and ruled directly by the monarchy
  • Colony of Roanoke (Walter Releigh, 1597) fails (Lost Colony)

Chesapeake colonies:

Virginia and Maryland (upper southern region

  • 1st permanent English colony in North America established at Jamestown in 1607-motive was wealth S
  • Setup under a joint stock company Virginia Company
  • Starving Period: many of the original settlers die of disease. starvation, etc.
  • John Smith established military discipline and saved the colony
  • John Rolfe introduced the cultivation of tobacco

Colonial Virginia:

  • Tobacco provided the colony with a “cash crop” and led to the rise of plantation system
  • Needed a cheap labor supply
  • Indentured Servants served as the early labor force of Virginia
    • Worked for a period of time (4-7 years) in exchange for passage to colony
  • Headright System: get land if you paid for somebody's journey to the colony
  • House of Burgesses established in 1619
    • Form of early representative government (the 1st in future U.S.)
  • Problems begin to develop:
    • Tobacco destroyed the land
    • Demand for labor and land goes up
    • Tensions increase with the natives as colonist move west
    • ^^NATIVE AMERICANS AND SLAVERY^^

Relations with the Natives:

  • Very hostile relationship developed between the colonists and the Powhatan tribe
  • Tensions increased as the settlers moved west
  • Anglo-Powhatan Wars 1610-1646
  • 1st war ends in 1614 with marriage between Pocahontas & John Rolfe
  • Massacre of 1622 begins 2nd war
  • By 1624 Jamestown becomes a royal colony
  • Powhatan Confederacy largely defeated by 1646
  • Powhatan Confederacy defeated by a variety of factors:
    • Disease, Disorganization, Disposability

Labor Relations & the Transition to Slavery

  • Early period the primary labor source was indentured servants
  • 1st Africans arrive in the colony 1619
  • Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)
  • Background: Growing frustration with:
    • lack of land (Gov. Berkeley did not allow land hungry settlers to move too far west)
    • Lack of political power (House of Burgesses dominated by plantation elite)
    • Wanted govt in Jamestown to do something about Native American attacks
  • Nathaniel Bacon leads a rebellion against Indians on the frontier & burned Jamestown
  • Impact: Leads to transition to AFRICAN CHATTEL SLAVE LABOR
    • Demonstrates tension in colonial society between social classes and regions (backcountry vs. east)

Another Chesapeake Colony: Maryland

  • Proprietorship: Lord Balitmore given land by the king
  • Act of Toleration (1649): religious freedom for all Christians (Intended especially to protect Catholics)
    • Sorry Jews, Muslims, etc. (other groups that were not Christian)

Southern Colonies

  • ^^South Carolina^^: cash crop (rice) plantation economy, wealthy aristocratic elite, African slave labor
    • ^^North Carolina^^- different: small tobacco farmers, less reliance on slavery
  • ^^Caribbean^^ (Barbados & Jamaica): cash crop (sugar cane), strict slave labor system from the start
  • ^^Georgia^^: served as a buffer colony against Spanish & French threat, penal colony for debtors, and originally banned slavery