BIOL1202 - Test 4

Kingdom Animalia

Multicellular, heterotrophic by ingestion, mobile by contractile fibers.

Canis

Latin for wolf

Level of organization, type of symmetry, type of body plan, type of body cavity, presence or absence of segmentation, and molecular data.

Animals are classified according to

1.5, 10-20

___ million species of animals have been described. __-__% of animals that are living today

35, colonial protistan ancestor, 600

__ of living (extant) animal phyla evolved from a ________________ over ___ million years ago.

invertebrates, chordata

Of the 35 animal phyla, __34 of them contain only __________, while one, phylum _______, is composed of vertebrates.

Lack true tissues and have a cellular grade of organization.

All animals are multicellular, but sponges are the only animals to...

Asymmetry or radial symmetry

Sponges may exhibit what type of symmetry

Evolutionary dead end

Data suggests that sponges are out of the mainstream of animal evolution and represent an ...

Phylum Porifera

Sponges, taxa possess varying amounts of spongin (collagenous fibers) in their body walls. Only animals in which digestion occurs within the cells of the sponge. No digestive system.

Phylum Porifera, Class Calcerea

Major character is 3-4 rayed CaCO spicules

Phylum Porifera, Class Hexactinellida

Major character is 6 rayed SiO2 spicules

Class Desmospongiae

Major character is 4 rayed SiO2 spicules

Single rayed, there is no branching on these spicules, 50%

All sponges have________ _____ spicules meaning _____________ and these spicules very often make up as much as __% of the spicules in the sponges.

Phylum Cnidaria

Coelenterates; tissue grade of organization, radial symmetry, gastrovascular cavity, at east some digestion is extracellular. Diploblastic. Contains cnidocytes and nematocytes.

Polyp- vegetative state that produces medusae by asexual budding, and Medusa- motile stage that produces sperm and egg

The two basic body forms of the phylum Cnidaria is the ....

Phylum Cnidaria, Class Hydrozoa

Polyp stage is dominant; Portuguese-man-of-war (Physalia) is actually a colony of polyps. Original polyp is a gas filled float from which other polyps bud and are specialized for feeding or reproduction.

Phylum Cnidaira Class Scyphozoa

Medusa stage is dominant, polyp remains small and insignificant; Aurelia (true jellyfish) move by water currents and tides

Phylum Cnidaria, Class Anthozoa

Solitary or colonial polyps in the shape of flowers, there is no Medusa stage. Metridium; seas anenomes and corals.

Phylum Cnidaria class Cubozoa

Medusa stage is dominant, polyp is very small and has never been seen in some species; Chironex fleckeri is relatively large and is known as the sea wasps.

Phylum Ctenophora

Combjellies, sea walnuts, largest animals propelled by cilia and range in size from a few centimeters to 1.5 m in length. These animals do not have nematocysts instead they capture their prey by using sticky adhesive cells called colloblasts

Clade Lophotrochozoa

Widest range of animal body forms

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Flatworms, may be free living or parasitic.

3, triploblastic, organ, bilateral, acoelomates

Phylum Platyhelminthes posses _ germ layers making them ____________ and they are at the ________ level of classification, show _______ symmetry, and lack a true coelomic space making them _________.

Class Trematoda, class Turbellaria, class Cestoda

The 3 classes in the phylum Platyhelminthes are

Class Turbellaria

Planarians (Dugesia) free living, lives in FW, well developed excretory system. Reproduction is both sexual (hermaphroditic) and asexual (regeneration)

Class Trematoda

Flukes (Chlonorchis). Parasites of dogs, cats, pigs, and humans. Requires two secondary hosts. Most hosts and vectors become infected through the fecal route by eating raw fish.

Class Cestoda

Tapeworms (Taenia), all are parasites, scolex rostellum, hooks, proglottids, neck, oral suckers (adhesive glands), and strobilis. Most tapeworm life cycles involve several hosts and causes diarrhea weight loss and fatigue in the primary host

Phylum Syndermata

rotifers and acanthocephalans

Phylum Brachiopoda

Brachiopods

Phylum Ectoprocta

Byrozoans

Phylum Nemertea

ribbon worms

Phylum Mollusca

Contains snails, squids, octopuses, cuttlefish, and Nautilus

Eucoelomates, triploblastic, bilateral symmetry, complete digestive tract, 1st circulatory system (open) 1st respiratory organs. Excretion is by nephridia, nervous system has 4 pairs of ganglia

Describe the organization of the phylum Mollusca

Class Gastropoda, 35, 15

Most successful class of Mollusks __,000 species, __,000 fossil species. Difficult to categorize due to tremendous amount of diversity, includes snails, limpets, slugs, whelks, conchs, periwinkles, sea slugs, sea hares, and sea butterflies.

Univalve

If a Gastropod has a shell it is always ________

Dextral, sinistral

If a univalve shell coils to the right it is called _______ coiling, if it coils to the left it is _______ coiling

ctenidium (Gill), pneumostome

Respiration of Gastropods is usually by a ____________ located in the mantle cavity. However some exchange gasses through pulmonary vessels in the mantle. The opening of these vessels to the outside world is called a ___________

Class Bivalvia

Mussels clams scallops oysters and shipworms, most are sedentary filter feeders, the beating of there gills bring in food, they have no head, no radula, little cephalization, two halves are called valves and are held together by a dorsal hinge

The mantle secretes nacre around an irritant like sand or a parasite, if particles of nacre are artificially inserted, pearls can be cultured

Describe pearl production

Class Cephalopoda

Most advanced mollusks: squids, octopuses, nautiluses, devil fish, and cuttlefish. They are stenohalines, possess a large head with conspicuous eyes mouth surrounded by 8 or 10 or more fleshy arms or tentacles, elongated body, shell internal,

Class Cephalopoda, Subclass Nautilodiea

2 pairs of gills, Nautilus

Class Cephalopoda, Subclass Ammonoidea

Extinct

Class Cephalopoda, Subclass Coleoidea

1 pair of gills, contains the orders, Sepioidea, Teuthoidea, and Octopoda

Textures

Arms of Octopuses can distinguish ________ but not shape, eyes can distinguish shapes but they are colorblind, they can produce colors however

Chromatophores

Octopoda posses _______ (pigment cells in the skin) contraction of muscles surrounding _______ disperses pigment causing animals to darken.

Sepia

Octopods and other cephalopods except Nautilus posses ink glands that secrete _______(a dark fluid containing melanin). _________ is a genus of cuttlefish.

Phylum Annelida

Segmented worms (earthworms, sand worms, lugworms, and leeches)

Homonomous Segmentation

(bodies consist of linear series of units termed segments or somites, all segments except head and tail are similar, segments are divided from one another by partitions called septa)

bilateral symmetry, eucoelomates, exhibit homonomous segmentation, basic body plan is a tube in a tube where the inner tube is a complete digestive tract suspended in a coelomic space that runs from mouth to anus, closed circulatory system, respiration is mostly by direct diffusion through body wall, many polychaetes also posses parapodial gills

Describe the phylum Annelida

Molluscs and Arthropods; Annelids and vertebrates

_______ and _________ have open circulatory system; _________ and ________ have closed circulatory system

Phylum Annelida, Class Polychaeta

Nereis (sand worm), many setae, lateral appendages called parapodia, no clitellum

Phylum Annelida Class Hirudinea

leeches, lack parapodia, lack setae, reduced segmentation, clitellum formed only during reproductive season

Phylum Annelida Class Oligochaeta

Bristleworms (contains earthworms) lack parapodia, few setae per segment, most advanced annelid, has clitellum year round, earthworms are hermaphrodites, produce a cocoon during mating. Feces is called castings

50,000; 18

Darwin estimated that a single acre of British farmland had about ______ earthworms, producing __ tons of castings per year

Clade Ecdysozoa

Most species rich animal group, contains the phyla: Nematoda, Nematomorpha, Priapula, Onychophora, Tardigrada, Arthropoda

Phylum Nematoda

roundworms, pseudocoelomates, one way digestive tract, a flexible but thick cuticle protects the nematodes and makes them difficult to kill.

(Clade) Ecdysozoa, (Phylum) Nematoda

The Genera: Ascaris (human parasite), Trichinella (causes trichinosis), and Enterobius vermicularis (genus of pinworms) belong to what Clade and phylum

Phylum Nematomorpha

Horsehair or Gordian worms free-living as adults and parasitic in arthropods (grasshoppers) as juveniles

Phylum Priapula

Somewhere between 9-15 species of these worms exist and most are found in mud and sand of colder waters in the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. They have cylindrical bodies usually 12-15 cm long, most are burrowing predators

Phylum Onychophora

Velvet worms

Phylum Tardigrada

water bears

Phylum Arthropoda

Triploblastic, eucoelomates, bilateral symmetry, heteronomous segmentation, complete digestive system with differentiated mouth parts, open circulatory system with dorsal heart. Largest phylum on earth (2/3 of all species are in this phylum)

Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Hexapoda

named presence of six legs, all legs are uniramous

Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Hexapoda Class Entognatha Order Collembola

Springtails (animals that can leap 20 times its body length)

Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Hexapoda Class Insecta

Ectognathous mouth parts , the name comes from the Latin word Insectus (cut into)

Pterygotes; apterygotes

Winged insects are termed ________ and wingless insects are termed ________

Thysanura

The order _________ is the only order of insects to be primitively wingless

2; 1; 3; 1

Insects usually posses _ pairs of wings, _ pair of relatively large compound eyes, typically _ ocelli (eyespots, really light receptors), but usually posses only _ pair of antenna

Entomology

the scientific study of insects

1.1; 30

The number of insect species classified is currently ___ million, but experts estimate that as many as __ million species may exist

1mm to 20cm

Insects range in size from less than ___ to ____ in length

Halobates (marine water striders)

_________________ live on the surface of the ocean, they are the only marine invertebrates that live on the sea-air interface

Sclerites

Insect skeletons are formed from a complex system of plates called _______ that are connected by concealed, flexible joints; muscles between sclerites enable insects to make precise movements

scleroproteins

Rigidity of insect exoskeletons is due to ___________ and not to chitin

A labrum (upper lip), a pair of mandibles, a pair of maxillae, a labium (lower lip), and a tongue like hypopharynx

Insect mouth parts consist of: (5)

prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax; meso and metathorax

Insects thorax is comprised of 3 segments each bearing a pair of legs, and in most insects the ____ and __________ also bear a pair of wings

Cerci ( appendages at the terminal end of the insect)

Insect abdomens comprises 9 to 11 segments, the 11th, when present, bears a pair of _______

Diptera (true flies); halteres

Members of the Order ________ have only one pair of wings; the structures where the hind wings would be are called _________, which vibrate to facilitate equilibrium during flight

Thin and membranous (flies and others), thick and horny (front wings of beetles), parchment like(grasshoppers), covered with fine scales(butterflies and moths), or covered with fine hairs(caddisflies)

Insect wings can be: (5)

Single nerve impulse stimulates a muscle contraction and thus one wing stroke; mechanism depends on the storage of potential energy in resilient parts of the thoracic cuticle, as one set of muscles contract it stretches the other set cause them to contract and move the wing in the opposite direction

Insect neural control of flight-muscle contraction can be synchronous(___________) or asynchronous(____________)

Malpighian tubules

Insects and spider have evolved independently a unique excretory system consisting of _____________ that operate in conjunction with specialized glands in the wall of the rectum

Proton pump

Urine formation in Malpighain tubules appears to rely on a ________ where H is exchanged for K and this secretion of ions pulls water with it through osmosis to produce a potassium rich fluid and other solutes and waste materials are secreted into the tubule

Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Hexapoda Class Insecta Subclass Pterygota Order Thysanura

Silverfish and bristletails

Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Hexapoda Class Insecta Subclass Pterygota Order Ephemeroptera

Mayflies

Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Hexapoda Class Insecta Subclass Pterygota Odonata

Dragonflies and damselflies

Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Hexapoda Class Insecta Subclass Pterygota Order Orthoptera

Grasshoppers locusts crickets and katydids

Romalea

Genus of grasshopper

Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Hexapoda Class Insecta Subclass Pterygota Order Blattodea

Cockroaches

Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Hexapoda Class Insecta Subclass Pterygota Order Phasmida

Walking sticks and leaf insects

Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Hexapoda Class Insecta Subclass Pterygota Order Mantodea

Mantids

Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Hexapoda Class Insecta Subclass Pterygota Order Dermaptera

Earwigs

Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Hexapoda Class Insecta Subclass Pterygota Order Plecoptera

Stoneflies

Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Hexapoda Class Insecta Subclass Pterygota Order Isoptera

Termites

Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Hexapoda Class Insecta Subclass Pterygota Order Phthiraptera

Lice (sucking lice formerly in order anoplura now suborder anoplura) (chewing lice formerly in order Mallophaga that is now divided into three suborders)

Family Pediculidae

The only lice to attack man, crab louse head louse, and body louse

Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Hexapoda Class Insecta Subclass Pterygota Order Thysanoptera

Thrips - mostly these are destructive plant eaters

Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Hexapoda Class Insecta Subclass Pterygota Order Hemiptera

Assassin bugs, water boatmen, cicadas, hoppers and water striders (Used to be called true bugs now the true bug name is demoted to suborder Heteroptera; 1 of 3 suborders in this order)

Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Hexapoda Class Insecta Subclass Pterygota Order Neuroptera

Dobsonflies, ant lions, and lacewings

Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Hexapoda Class Insecta Subclass Pterygota Order Coleoptera

Beetles