Page 2 of AP world jung study guide final thing

NOT in the order of the paper

Bartolomé de las Casas

A Spanish Dominican friar and historian who advocated for the rights of indigenous peoples.

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador known for his role in the conquest of the Aztec Empire.

American Revolution

The colonial revolt against British rule that led to the establishment of the United States.

Moctezuma II

Emperor of the Aztec Empire at the time of the Spanish conquest.

New Spain

A colonial territory established by Spain in the 16th century in the Americas.

Mita

A labor system used by the Spanish to extract labor from indigenous populations.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of goods, ideas, and populations between the New and Old Worlds.

Haciendas

Large estates or plantations in Spanish colonies.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Spain and Portugal dividing newly discovered lands.

Sociedad de Castas

A social classification system in colonial Spanish America based on racial origin.

Peninsulares

Spanish-born individuals residing in the Spanish colonies.

Creoles

People of Spanish descent born in the Americas.

Comunero Revolt

A rebellion in which colonists in New Granada revolted against the Spanish crown.

Tupac Amaru II

An indigenous leader who led a revolt against Spanish rule in Peru.

French Revolution

A period of radical social and political change in France from 1789 to 1799.

Louis XIV

The King of France known as the 'Sun King', whose reign characterized absolute monarchy.

Maximilien Robespierre

A key figure in the French Revolution known for his role during the Reign of Terror.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

A fundamental document of the French Revolution that outlines individual rights.

Nationalism

A political ideology promoting the interests of a particular nation.

Napoleon Bonaparte

French military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution.

Congress of Vienna

A diplomatic conference held in 1814–1815 to restructure Europe after the Napoleonic Wars.

Conservative

A political ideology favoring tradition and resisting radical change.

Liberal

A political ideology advocating for civil liberties and political reforms.

Socialism

An economic and political system advocating for collective or governmental ownership.

Karl Marx

Philosopher and economist known for his theories about capitalism and communism.

Feminist movement

A movement advocating for the rights and equality of women.

Mass Leisure culture

A cultural phenomenon characterized by increased amounts of leisure time and consumerism.

Charles Darwin

Naturalist known for his theory of evolution through natural selection.

Social Darwinism

A social theory applying Darwin's ideas of evolution to societies, often used to justify imperialism.

Ottoman Empire

A historical empire that controlled large parts of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa.

Safavid Empire

A Persian empire that ruled from the 16th to 18th century and established Shia Islam.

Mughal Empire

A prominent empire in the Indian subcontinent known for its rich culture and architecture.

Mehmed II

Ottoman sultan known for conquering Constantinople in 1453.

Janissaries

Elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops.

Abbas the Great

Shah of the Safavid Empire known for his modernization efforts.

Isfahan

The capital of the Safavid Empire, known for its architectural heritage.

Akbar

Mughal emperor noted for his policy of religious tolerance and cultural integration.

Sati

A historical Hindu practice where a widow self-immolates on her husband’s funeral pyre.

Aurangzeb

The last powerful Mughal emperor known for his strict enforcement of Islamic law.

Taj Mahal

A UNESCO World Heritage site in India, built as a mausoleum for the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan's wife.

Sikhs

Members of a monotheistic religion founded in the Punjab region of India.

Caravels

Small, highly maneuverable sailing ships used by the Portuguese and Spanish.

Asia sea trading network

Trade routes in Asia that connected various regional economies.

Dutch trading empire

An empire built by the Netherlands through maritime trade and colonization.

Francis Xavier

A Catholic missionary who was one of the founding members of the Jesuit order.

Robert de Nobili

A Jesuit missionary known for his efforts to convert Indians in South India.

Hongwu

The founder of the Ming dynasty in China.

Canton

A major trading port in China during the Ming and Qing dynasties.

Matteo Ricci

An Italian Jesuit priest who lived in China and promoted cultural exchange.

Benito Juarez

A Mexican lawyer and politician known for his reform efforts against French intervention.

Argentine Republic

A country in South America known for its rich cultural and historical heritage.

Spanish-American War

A conflict between the United States and Spain in 1898.

Panama Canal

A man-made waterway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, completed in 1914.

Bartolomé de las Casas

A Spanish Dominican friar who advocated for the rights of Indigenous peoples.

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire.

Moctezuma II

Last Aztec emperor, known for his role during the Spanish conquest.

New Spain

A colonial territory of the Spanish Empire covering parts of North America.

Mita

Labor system used by the Spanish in colonial Peru, requiring Indigenous people to work.

Columbian Exchange

The widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, humans, and diseases between the Americas and the Old World.

Haciendas

Large estates or plantations in Spanish-speaking areas.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Spain and Portugal to divide new lands discovered.

Sociedad de Castas

Social hierarchy in colonial Spanish America based on race and ancestry.

Peninsulares

Spanish-born individuals residing in the New World.

Creoles

People of European descent born in the colonies.

Comunero Revolt

A rebellion in New Granada against Spanish colonial rule in the late 18th century.

Tupac Amaru II

Leader of an Indigenous uprising against Spanish rule in Peru.

American Revolution

Colonial revolt against British authority, leading to U.S. independence.

French Revolution

A period of radical social and political change in France from 1789.

Louis XIV

King of France from 1643 to 1715, known as the 'Sun King' and his absolute monarchy.

Maximilien Robespierre

French revolutionary leader who was influential during the Reign of Terror.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

Fundamental document of the French Revolution, asserting individual rights.

Nationalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the interests and culture of a particular nation.

Napoleon Bonaparte

French military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution.

Congress of Vienna

A meeting of European leaders to restore order after the Napoleonic Wars.

Conservative

A political philosophy favoring tradition, established institutions, and resistant to change.

Liberal

A political ideology advocating for civil liberties and political reform.

Socialism

A political and economic theory advocating for communal or governmental ownership of production.

Karl Marx

Philosopher known for his theories about capitalism and socialism.

Feminist movement

A social and political movement aimed at achieving equality for women.

Mass Leisure culture

Emerging leisure activities and entertainment options for the working class in the late 19th century.

Charles Darwin

Naturalist known for developing the theory of evolution by natural selection.

Social Darwinism

The belief that human societies evolve through competition and conflict.

Royal African Company

A trading company established to exploit trade opportunities in West Africa.

Triangular trade

Transatlantic trade system involving the exchange of goods, slaves, and raw materials.

Asante

A West African kingdom known for its wealth and trade.

Osei Tutu

First king of the Asante Empire, central figure in its expansion and consolidation.

Dahomey

A powerful kingdom in West Africa known for its military and political organization.

Swazi

An ethnic group in Southern Africa with their own recognizable culture and language.

Middle Passage

The transatlantic journey of enslaved Africans to the Americas.

Saltwater slaves

Enslaved individuals brought directly from Africa to the Americas.

Creole slaves

Descendants of enslaved Africans born in the Americas.

British raj

The period of British rule in India from 1858 to 1947.

Tropical dependencies

Colonial territories located in tropical areas, often relying on agriculture.

Settlement colonies

Colonies where settlers established permanent homes and governance structures.

White Dominions

Colonies in the British Empire with large European populations, like Canada and Australia.

White racial supremacy

Belief in the superiority of the white race over others.

Ottoman Empire

A historical empire based in modern-day Turkey that controlled much of Southeastern Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa.

Safavid Empire

A significant Shia Islamic empire that ruled Persia from the 16th to the 18th centuries.

Mughal Empire

A major empire in the Indian subcontinent that ruled during the 16th to 19th centuries.

Mehmed II

Ottoman Sultan known for conquering Constantinople in 1453.