anatomy and suffering (the collective)

Anatomy

To cut apart, dissect animal completely

Physiology

study of the integrated
functions of the body and the functions of
its parts

Gross anatomy

dissection of cadavers with unaided eye

comparative anatomy

study of species structures

embryology

study from fertilization to birth

Microscopic Anatomy

study of tissues and cells with a microscope

Cranial

towards the head

caudal

towards the tail

Rostral

head direction, towards the nose

caudal

head direction, towards the tail

median plane

divides body into equal right and left halves

sagittal plane

any plane parallel to the median plane

transverse plane

at right angles to the median plane

Horizontal plane

at right angles to both the median plane and transverse planes (dorsal and ventral segments)

medial

close to or towards the median plane

lateral

away from the median plane

dorsal

towards or beyond the backbone (back)

ventral

away from the backbone or towards the midabdominal wall (stomach)

simple squamous

thin, platelike cells, smooth surface

cuboidal

approximately equal in all dimensions

columnar

cylindrical cells, pseudostratified

stratified

more than one layer of epithelial cells

secretion

release from gland cell

excretion

expulsion of waste products

endocrine glands

empty secretory products directly into blood

exocrine glands

empty secretory products on an epithelial surface

elastic

kinked fibers which regain original shape after being stretched

collagenous

strong tensile strength, ligaments, tendons

areolar

cushioning but flexible (blood vessels)

reticular

fine fibrils and cells

cartilage

firmer than fibrous tissue, but not as hard as bone

hyaline cartilage

glasslike covering of bones

Bone

osteoid tissue which becomes calcified

Blood

luid matrix (plasma), a variety of cells, nutrients
and waste products

smooth muscle

spindle shaped, one central nucleus

skeletal muscle

striated, but each cell has own nerve supply

cardiac

involuntary striated

Pericardial sac

surrounds the heart

Pleural sac

surrounds the lungs

Visceral peritoneum

surrounds an abdominal organ

Parietal peritoneum

surrounds the
abdominal cavity

Hypertrophy

increase in size of a cell or organ
beyond normal

Hyperplasia

increase in number of cells leading to
increase in size

Atrophy

a decrease in size from normal

Aplasia

failure of tissue to develop

Hypoplasia

incomplete development of a tissue

Irritability

is the property of being
able to react to a stimulus

Mitosis

division of somatic cells to produce
two identical daughter cells

Meiosis

eductional division of a somatic cell
into a gamete

Proximal

close to

distal

away from

transverse

A _________________ plane will divide the animal into cranial and caudal portions. 

 

peritoneum

The abdominal cavity develops through an epithelial cell layer known as the?

nervous

Which of the following is NOT a type of connective tissue discussed in lecture?

periosteum

The outer fibrous membrane containing osteoblasts that covers the surface of the diaphysis of long bones is called the ___________________. 

Epiphyseal Cartilage

This is commonly referred to as the growth plate and allows for increase in length of long bones.

 

C T L S Cd

Which is the correct order (cranial to caudal) of the vertebrae?

dens

The ______ is a bony projection from the axis (C2 vertebra) which allows for articulation with the atlas (C1 vertebra)?

 

tuber ischiadicum

This large roughened prominence is commonly called the pin bone in cattle?

zygomatic

What is bone number "5" on the horse skull? (under the eyesocket)

carpus

What is letter "F" on the cow thoracic limb?