chem 112 unit 2

reversible, equilibrium

all reactions are ______ and will reach ______ if given enough time

equal

at equilibrium, forward and reverse reaction rates are _____

concentration

after equilibrium is reached, the _________ of reactants and products do not change

reaction quotient

equilibrium constant

at equilibrium

if Q=K, reaction is __ _____________

right (forward), products

if Q<K, reaction moves to the _____ and forms ______

left (reverse), reactants

if Q>K, reaction moves to the _____ and forms ______

homogenous equilibria

occurs when all products and reactants are present in a single solution

Le Chatelier’s principle

a system in equilibrium will adjust to a stress by shifting to minimize or alleviate the stress

concentration changes, volume/pressure changes, temperature changes

3 types of stress

gases, gas molecules

pressure changes only have an effect when dealing with ______ and only when the reaction has a change in total number of ___ ______

acid

a substance that will yield or liberate H+ ions when dissolved in water (Arrhenius definition)

base

a substance that will yield or liberate OH- ions when dissolved in water (Arrhenius definition)

acid

a compound that donates a proton to another compound/proton donor (Bronsted-Lowry definition)

base

a compound that accepts a proton from another compound/proton acceptor (Bronsted-Lowry definition)

conjugate base

deprotonated form of original acid in reaction

conjugate acid

newly protonated form of original base in reaction

amphoteric

molecules or ions that can either gain or lose a proton under appropriate conditions (also known as amphiprotic)

pH

common way to express concentration of hydronium ions in solution

acidic

pH<7

basic

pH>7

neutral

pH=7

acid-ionization constant

larger

the stronger the acid, the _____ the ionization constant

ions

ability of a solution to conduct electricity is related to number of ____ available to carry charge

LiOH, NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2

6 strong bases

HClO4, HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, H2SO4

6 strong acids

base-ionization constant

protons

we classify acids by the number of _____ they can transfer per molecule

neutral

conjugate partners of strong acids and bases are _____

weak

conjugate partners of weak acids and bases are ____

neutralization reaction

acid + base —>salt + (water)

neutral

strong acid + strong base =

slightly basic

weak acid + strong base=

slightly acidic

strong acid + weak base=

acidic

weak acid + weak base= if Ka>Kb

basic

weak acid + weak base= if Ka<Kb

buffer

mixture of weak acid/base with its conjugate partner

Henderson-Hasselbach equation

capacity

greater concentration of acid and base form result in higher ________

titration

addition of acid or base of known concentration to determine concentration of an unknown via a neutralization reaction

titration curve

data obtained from an experimental titration that looks at pH vs. volume of titrant added

indicators

weak acids or bases that change color to help determine pH of solution