APES Unit 5 (CED 4)

Core

Core

Dense mass of solid nickel, iron, and radioactive elements that release massive amounts of heat

Mantle

Liquid layer of magma surrounding core, kept liquified by intense heat from core

Asthenosphere

Solid, flexible outer layer of mantle, beneath the lithosphere

Lithosphere

Thin, brittle layer of rock floating on top of mantle (broken up into tectonic plates)

Crust

Very outer layer of the lithosphere, Earth’s surface

1. Core

2. Mantle

3. Asthenosphere

4. Lithosphere

5. Crust

(Cora Made A Little Cake)

The order of the Earth’s layers, from inside —> outside

• Mid-oceanic ridges

• Volcanoes

• Seafloor spreading

• Rift valleys (on land)

Divergent plate boundaries form…

Subduction

Convergent plate boundaries cause…

• Mountains

• Island arcs

• Earthquakes

• Volcanoes

Convergent plate boundaries form…

Earthquakes

Transform plate boundaries form…

• Island arcs

• Off-shore trenches

Oceanic-Oceanic Convergence forms…

Oceanic, because it’s rich in basalt

Which type of crust is denser: oceanic or continental?

The older (and therefore denser) one

If two crusts are the same type and converge, which crust would subduct?

Oceanic

In Oceanic-Continental Convergence, which one subducts?

• Coastal mountains (ex. Andes)

• Volcanic arcs

• Trenches

• Tsunamis

Oceanic-Continental Convergence forms…

Geological uplift (ex. Himalayas)

Continental-Continental Convergence causes…

Ring of Fire

Pattern of volcanoes all around the Pacific plate

Hotspots

Areas of especially hot magma rising up to the lithosphere

Mid-ocean islands (ex. Iceland, Hawaii)

Hotspots form…

Regulating ecosystem service

Soil filters rainwater, and the filtered water ends up as groundwater in aquifers. In this case, soil is providing a…

Supporting ecosystem service

Soil provides a habitat for organisms such as earthworms, fungi, bacteria, mold, and slugs. In this case, soil is providing a…

1. Sand

2. Silt

3. Clay

The order of particle sizes, from largest —> smallest

Humus

The main organic part of soil; broken-down biomass like leaves, dead animals, waste, etc.

• Ammonium

• Phosphates

• Nitrates

Nutrients found in soil

Weathering

The breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces

• Physical

• Biological

• Chemical

Types of weathering

• Wind

• Rain

• Freezing/thawing of ice

Causes of physical weathering

Tree roots

Cause of biological weathering

• Acid rain

• Acids from mosses/lichens

Causes of chemical weathering

Erosion

The transport/movement of weathered rock fragments by wind and rain

Weathering of rocks (parent material)

Soil is formed by the…

Humus

Breakdown of organic matter adds _______ to soil

Increased breakdown of organic matter

Warmer climate =

More weathering, erosion, and deposition

More precipitation =

1. O-Horizon

2. A-Horizon

3. B-Horizon

4. C-Horizon

(Oh, A Bear Cub!)

The order of soil horizons, from top —> bottom

Soil degradation

The loss of the ability of soil to support plant growth