Unit 4 Heimler's History (1450-1750)

maritime

related to the sea

navigation technologies

accurate wind pattern records, complex astronomical charts, astrolabe, magnetic compass, and lateen sails

astrolabe

tells sailors how far north or south they are from the equator

magnetic compass

gives sailors the ability to know exactly which direction they are headed thanks to the earth's magnetic field

lateen sail

triangular sail that could catch wind on both sides of the ship

caravel

portuguese ship that is smaller and faster due to the combination of lateen sails and square sails

fluyt

dutch ship built exclusively for trade with larger storage, smaller crew, and cheaper cost

what the states did

sponsor the expansion of maritime exploration from 1450-1750

why states sponsored maritime exploration

gold, God, and glory

mercantilism

economic system that dominated europe

gold

influenced mercantilists to view the world's fixed amount of wealth like a pie

God

influenced christian missionary europeans to have a duty to convert people in distant lands

glory

influenced controlling a large empire to show power

portugal

state and exploration was connected since this state could only expand into sea

bartholomew diaz

portuguese explorer that sailed to the southern tip of africa in 1488

vasco de gama

portuguese explorer that sailed to the southern tip of africa and continued to india to claim as part of portugal's empire in 1498

portuguese traders in china

brought missionaries to convert chinese to christianity

franciscans

one sect of catholic missionaries that worked to convert the mass of chinese people

jesuits

one sect of catholic missionaries that worked to convert the chinese elite

impact of catholic missionaries in china

minor since catholicism was mainly rejected

trading post empire

portuguese type of empire that claimed small amounts of land at strategic locations around the african coast and indian ocean

goal of portuguese trading post empires

monopolize spice trade and charge ships passing through controlled ports

spain

one state that sponsored exploration

ferdinand magellan

the first spanish explorer to navigate the globe by going west then south around the tip of south america

christopher columbus

spanish explorer sponsored to seek a new westward route to asia but came into contact with the aztec and inca leading to the columbian exchange

john cabot

english explorer sponsored by england to find a northwest passage to asia in 1497 but instead claimed a lot of land

jamestown, chesapeake bay

the first english colony developed in 1607

french

looked for a northwest passage through the americas and instead claimed canada for trading posts with the natives

henry hudson

dutch explorer that seeked a northwest passage to asia and instead claimed the hudson river aka new amsterdam

the columbian exchange

the transfer of people, animals, plants, and diseases between the east and west

disease

caused by people of two isolated continents coming together

smallpox

devastating airborne disease that europeans were immune to but contagious to american natives causing a large scale death

animals and food brought by europeans to america

pigs, cows, wheat, grapes, and horses

horses

allowed native americans to hunt buffalo and compete with other tribes better

food brought by americans to europe

cacao, maize, potato

agriculture in the americas

needed enslaved people from africa to work without running away

columbian exchange environmental impact

land was used for more agriculture leading to deforestation and soil depletion as well as pollution

trans-atlantic slave trade

gunpowder weapons were traded in exchange for enslaved people

king alfonso i

king of kongo that converted to christianity and influenced culture

japan

closed itself off from european influence and foreign religion

british

gained influence in india after driving out the french during the seven years' war

british east india company

ran restricted trading posts but used tension between states to gain power

treaty of tordesillas

portuguese controlled all land east of a meridian and and the spanish control land west of the meridian

coerced labor

forced labor that supported the expansion of empires

hacienda

spanish system of coerced labor where land is granted to conquistadors to farm or lease while hiring low wage workers to not leave

encomienda

spanish system of coerced labor where beneficiaries are granted a number of natives to protect and religiously educate in return for tribute in the form of labor

mit'a system

incan system of coerced labor where people worked on projects for a certain number of days a year

chattel slavery

a form of slavery where people own other people as property

problems with native labor

low population due to death from disease and natives know the land better than colonizers so they could escape

indentured servitude

people work for a certain number of years then go free

polygyny

more men were enslaved than women so men remaining in africa were able to have multiple wives

general resistance

resistance from allies after a territory expands

queen ana nzinga

ruler of ndongo who came to an agreement with portugal to gain protection but resisted and allied with the dutch instead when not given respect

serfs

tied to land by russian nobles and provided labor with little pay and were practically slaves

cossacks

skilled fighters and runaway serfs

pugachev rebellion

rebellion against russian serfdom by cossacks in 1774

maratha

hindu warriors that resisted the mughal empire ruled by muslims and established a new empire

pueblo revolt

in the spanish colonies of north america, the pueblo and apache indians fought against the spanish to revolt against forced spread of christianity

metacom's war

final large-scale attempt of the natives of north america to rid their land of the british but lost

stono rebellion

twenty enslaved people gathered at stono river in south carolina in 1793 to raid a warehouse and kill white people while chanting liberty and growing in number but lost to the british

changing of social hierarchies

one of the effects of the expansion of sea based empires

social hierarchies

in a given society, people are ranked higher or lower than the other depending on wealth or status

ottoman empire

land based empire whose social structure was built around a warrior aristocracy that competed with ulama and faced unrest due to incapable sultans, causing a power shift in the sultanate

ulama

islamic scholars that held power in the ottoman empire

viziers

advisors to the sultan that consolidated much power in the ottoman empire

jewish

minority in the ottoman empire that were expelled from spain in 1492 and had to pay jizya and live in specific areas

jizya

tax that non-muslims had to pay

harem politics

a particular group of women could wield some significant power

qing dynasty

established in 1644 by manchu people that were not chinese who then massacred han chinese that did not follow their rule

louis xiv

drained the power of french nobility and relocated them to his palace at versailles

russian hierarchy

tsar, boyars, merchants, and peasants

boyars

russian aristocrats at the top of the hierarchy under the tsar

russian hierarchy conflict

boyars opposed the tsar but lost so the tsar took away land and relocated them to moscow

casta system

hierarchical system in america based on ancestry and race

casta system hierarchy

peninsulares, criollos, and castas (mestizos, mulattoes, zambos, indigenous, and africans)