Human Reproduction Development & Ageing - Embryology

A set of vocabulary flashcards based on the lecture notes covering various aspects of embryology, human development, and associated topics.

Embryology

The branch of biology that studies the formation and development of embryos.

Gastrulation

A phase in embryonic development that transforms the single-layered blastula into a multi-layered structure known as the gastrula.

Neural tube

A hollow structure from which the brain and spinal cord form, arising during neurulation.

Ectoderm

The outermost layer of cells in the developing embryo, which forms the skin and nervous system.

Mesoderm

The middle layer of cells in the embryo that develops into muscles, blood, and other structures.

Endoderm

The innermost layer that forms the lining of the digestive tract and associated structures.

Syncytiotrophoblast

A layer of tissue formed by the fusion of cytotrophoblast cells, involved in implantation and nutrient exchange during pregnancy.

Amniotic cavity

A fluid-filled space surrounding the developing fetus, which provides protection and facilitates movement.

Chorionic villi

Finger-like projections that penetrate the uterine wall, facilitating nutrient and gas exchange between the mother and embryo.

Spina Bifida

A birth defect in which the spine and spinal cord do not close properly, leading to physical and intellectual disabilities.

Spina Bifida Occulta

The mildest form of spina bifida, often asymptomatic, where there is a small gap in the spine but no opening or protrusion of the spinal cord.

Meningocele

A type of spina bifida where the membranes (meninges) surrounding the spinal cord protrude through an opening in the spine, forming a sac of fluid, but the spinal cord itself remains within the spinal canal.

Myelomeningocele

The most severe form of spina bifida, where both the spinal cord and the surrounding membranes protrude through an opening in the spine, often resulting in nerve damage and severe disabilities.

Folic acid

A B vitamin (B9) essential for cell growth and development, particularly important for the proper formation of the neural tube in early pregnancy.

Folic acid deficiency and neural tube defects

Insufficient intake of folic acid before and during early pregnancy significantly increases the risk of neural tube defects like spina bifida and anencephaly.

Recommended folic acid intake

Women of childbearing age are advised to take 400\mu g of folic acid daily, increasing to 600\mu g during pregnancy, to help prevent neural tube defects.

Germ layers

Three layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) that form during embryonic development and differentiate into various tissues and organs.

Notochord

A rod-like structure that forms during the development of the embryo, providing support and defining the body axis.

Teratogen

An agent or factor that causes malformation or abnormal development of an embryo or fetus.

Implantation

The process by which the embryo attaches to and embeds itself in the uterine lining.